Vinodata

Francis Drake, Vini cileni e nascita dell'impero britannico,,en,Vini cileni e nascita dell'impero britannico,,en,Vini cileni e nascita dell'impero britannico,,en

Francis Drake, Vini cileni e nascita dell'impero britannico,,en,Vini cileni e nascita dell'impero britannico,,en,Vini cileni e nascita dell'impero britannico,,en

Ramón A. Rada M.

Since the XIV and XV centuries the Renaissance was unfolding mainly in Florence, Italia, in the beginning in the hands of Dante, con il suo capolavoro il,,en,Divina Commedia,,es,e poi in quelli di,,en,con i loro disegni,,en,dipinti e sculture,,en,Allo stesso tempo, il cristianesimo europeo si stupisce della sua paura a causa della caduta di Costantinopoli sotto il dominio dei turchi ottomani,,en,la sconfitta finale dei Mori,,en Divina Comedia (1321), and then in those of Leonardo (1452-1519) e Michelangelo (1475-1564), with their drawings, paintings and sculptures. At the same time the European Christianity become astonished by their fear because of the Fall of Constantinople (1453) sotto il dominio dei musulmani ottomani turchi,,en,nome per gli arabi provenienti dall'ex provincia romana della Mauritania,,en,la formazione militare di maggior successo al mondo da oltre un secolo,,en,l'invenzione della contabilità moderna da parte del monaco italiano,,en,Luca Pacioli,,it,descrisse inizialmente il sistema di contabilità a doppia entrata utilizzato dai mercanti veneziani,,en,consentire la responsabilità finanziaria,,en,stimolare la globalizzazione incipiente e le imprese globali,,en,formata per intraprendere imprese per conto del Regno,,en,Rodrigo de Borja,,es,Valencia,,en. Everything was announcing the incoming of a new world as well as new technologies as the Johannes Gutenberg movable type printing press (1454), enhancing the portability of knowledge throughout new and handy books and contributing to spread these news and feelings rapidly. The jewel of the Crown was the Cristoforo Colombo,,en,partito con le caravelle,,en,La piccola flotta prese rotta verso sud lungo la costa occidentale dell'Africa per toccare in primo luogo il porto delle Isole Canarie per riparazioni e rifornimenti,,en,aveva conservato nelle cantine le cantine dei vini del,,en,vino possibilmente fortificato come quelli di,,en,e anche da,,en,tutti molto apprezzati vini allora che erano stati caricati un mese prima di partire dal porto di,,en,Palos,,en,Il vino era un passeggero obbligatorio nei viaggi di navigazione,,en,Nel suo viaggio iniziale di navigazione,,en,Cristoforo Colombo,,en discovery of America (1492) contributing to create an atmosphere of progress and optimism. In the Iberian Peninsula, the final defeat of the Moors (name for the Arabs coming from the former Roman province of Mauritania) with the aid of new technologies in the service of the armies, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, gli Gran Capitán led a successful military campaign heading to conquer Granada (1492) allowing the rise of the Kingdom of Castile and Aragón, shaping territories to start the journey to become the Spanish Empire. The innovations introduced by the Gran Capitán to the Spanish army will lead to the creation of the Tercios de España, the world’s most successful military formation for more than a century. The Royalty start to finance expeditions for long-distance navigation trips lead by Portugal closely followed by Spain, an age of news and discoveries. The innovative city of Florence along with stablishing the fundamental of the western financial systems, the invention of modern accounting by the Italian monk Luca Pacioli, who, in 1494, first described the system of double-entry bookkeeping used by Venetian merchants, allowing financial accountability, boosting the incipient globalization and global enterprises, starting the development of joint-ventures and associations of individuals, formed to undertake enterprises on behalf of the Kingdom. These charter companies were originally Italian, but the Dutch and the English will emerge as the Italians’ most aptest and advantaged pupils in this respect. In the emerging small Kingdom of England a notable expedition led by Francis Drake was organised and financed as a Royal charter company. These joint-ventures, partnerships or associations, were a common method of organising and financing commercial voyages, military expeditions, and colonizing activities, particularly from the Middle Ages onwards.

Francis Drake’s most famous and well known expedition, financed as joint-venture by English investors whom were high officials as Privy Councilors Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester; Sir Francis Walsingham; the Earl of Lincoln and Lord High Admiral of England; anche, Sir Christopher Hatton; Admiral Sir William Wynter, Surveyor and Master of Ordnance of the Navy; George Wynter e John Hawkins, cousin and Drake’s former commander as well as founder of the English slave trade. Gli Queen Elizabeth I herself may have been an investor, though this is not quite certain. Francis Drake himself participated to the tune of £1000, una buona somma per quel tempo ma non un guaio per Drake che era già un uomo ricco per i profitti ottenuti nella tratta degli schiavi,,en,Il coinvolgimento di Drake nel commercio degli schiavi iniziò quando suo cugino John Hawkins,,en,Il primo commerciante di schiavi in ​​Inghilterra,,en,lo ha invitato a partecipare,,en,e godono del beneficio del commercio fino a quando,,en,Hanno fatto tre viaggi in Guinea e Sierra Leone e sono stati ridotti in schiavitù tra,,en,africani,,en,Secondo gli schiavisti,,en,conti del tempo che questo avrebbe probabilmente comportato la morte di tre volte quel numero,,en. Drake’s involvement in the slave trade started when his cousin John Hawkins, England’s first slave trader, invited him to be part in 1562 and they enjoy the benefit of the trade until 1567. They made three voyages to Guinea and Sierra Leone and enslaved between 1,200 e 1,400 Africans. According to slavers’ accounts of the time this would probably have involved the death of three times that number. I loro profitti personali derivanti dalla vendita di schiavi erano così enormi da diventare ricchi e abbastanza saggi da avere un partner commerciale nascosto,,en,La regina Elisabetta I stessa,,en,La regina vergine sarebbe stata la patrona della prossima impresa più importante di Francis Drake,,en,la rivelazione del più caro segreto della corona spagnola,,en,scoperto,,en,la posizione dello stretto di Magellano,,en,così come il più proficuo saccheggio che abbia mai avuto nella storia della pirateria,,en,Francis Drake salpò da Plymouth il dic,,en, Queen Elizabeth I herself. The Virgin Queen would be the patron of the next most important venture of Francis Drake, the unveiling of the most cherished Spanish crown secret, discovered 58 years before, the location of the Strait of Magellan, as well as the most profitable plundering ever had in piracy history.

Golden Hinde replica (1973) moored in the docks of the Tower of London by Murgatroyd 49. The Golden Hinde, lanciato nel 1577, was the second ship to circumnavigate the planet from 1577 a 1580 under Francis Drake command who after that was knighted by the Queen Elizabeth I, one of his main partners in the charter.

Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth on December 13, 1577. Lo squadrone consisteva di cinque navi,,en,le due navi più grandi sono il pellicano,,en,La nave di Drake,,en,pesa circa,,en,ribattezzato Golden Hinde durante il viaggio,,en,in agosto,,en,e l'Elizabeth,,en,comandato da John Winter,,en,Tre vasi più piccoli erano i Marigold,,en,il Cigno,,en,e il Christopher,,en,Solo il Golden Hinde,,en,riuscito a fare il viaggio completo,,en,ritorno in Inghilterra il sett,,en, the two larger ships being the Pelican, Drake’s own ship, weighing about 100 tonnes, renamed it as Golden Hinde during the voyage, on August 20, 1578; e la Elizabeth, commanded by John Wynter. Three smaller vessels were the Marigold, gli Swan, e la Christopher. Only the Golden Hinde, managed to make the complete voyage, returning to England on Sept. 26, 1580. La piccola flotta procedeva verso sud fino alle isole di Capo Verde con l'intenzione di approfittare degli alisei sulla rotta verso la costa del Brasile,,en,Su Cabo Verde e fortunatamente per Francis Drake,,en,a gennaio,,en,ha catturato il pilota portoghese Nuno da Silva con una vasta esperienza della costa atlantica del Sud America,,en,che Drake verrà rilasciato solo più di un anno dopo a Guatulco,,en,nella costa occidentale del Messico,,en. On Cape Verde and fortunately for Francis Drake, on January 30, 1578, he captured the Portuguese pilot Nuno da Silva with an extensive experience of the Atlantic South American coast, that Drake will be released only more than a year later in Guatulco, aprile 13, 1579, in the west coast of Mexico. Nuno da Silva was a pilot with the knowledge of the Spanish and Portuguese maps of the America coast of the Atlantic and probably have had knowledge of the entrance of the Strait of Magellan.

Navigation in the Strait of Magellan was forbidden for the Portuguese pilots, due to the 1493 papal bull Inter Caetera, issued by the former Spanish Cardinal Archbishop of Valencia, Rodrigo de Borja (Valencian: Roderic Llançol e de Borja,,ca,in italiano,,en,un caro amico di,,en,Isabella I,,en,poi regina di Castiglia e,,en,Ferdinando II,,ro,poi re di Aragona,,en,una volta eletto papa,,en,fu ribattezzato Papa Alessandro VI,,en,Il divieto di navigazione sullo stretto di Magellano che stava colpendo il pilota,,en) Rodrigo Borgia in Italian, a close friend of Isabella I then Queen of Castile and Ferdinand II, then King of Aragon. Rodrigo Borgia, once elected pope, was renamed Pope Alexander VI. The prohibition of navigation on the Strait of Magellan which was affecting the pilot Nuno da Silva does not mean that he was not in knowledge of the Spanish maps of the Strait of Magellan itself, one of the most carefully secrets kept of the Iberian crown. Thence they sailed across the Atlantic to the coasts of South America near to Río de la Plata, and went southwards to the port of San Julián, where Hernando de Magallanes had anchored 58 years before; they arrived there on June 18, 1578, confirming by making ashore that they were following their steps and Drake following the same criterion of Magellan decided to remain the winter in San Julián before attempting the Strait of Magellan. After deciding to abandon the two small ships, gli Swan, e la Christopher, and burned the Mary (former Santa María captured to Nuno da Silva in Cape Verde) che non era in grado di navigare a causa di legni marcescenti,,en,lasciarono San Julián alla ricerca dell'entrata orientale dello stretto di Magellano,,en,In agosto,,en,con lo stretto di Magellano in vista,,en,Francis Drake ha tenuto una cerimonia in cui ha cambiato il nome della sua nave ammiraglia da Pelican a Golden Hinde per onorare Sir Christopher Hatton,,en,Lord Cancelliere d'Inghilterra e uno dei preferiti di Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra e uno dei suoi maggiori investitori,,en,Diventare il primo corsaro inglese nel trovare e attraversare lo stretto di Magellano,,en, they left San Julián in search of the oriental entrance of the Strait of Magellan.

On August 20, 1578 with the Strait of Magellan in sight, Francis Drake held a ceremony in which he changed the name of his flagship from Pelican a Golden Hinde (un cervo rosso femmina d'oro,,en,La cresta araldica di Sir Christopher Hatton era una specie d'oro,,en,un simbolo prestigioso che ricorda i viaggi di caccia del nobile cervo nobile nella campagna inglese,,en,un cervo rosso femmina d'oro,,en,La cresta araldica di Sir Christopher Hatton era una specie d'oro,,en,un simbolo prestigioso che ricorda i viaggi di caccia del nobile cervo nobile nella campagna inglese,,en,un cervo rosso femmina d'oro,,en,La cresta araldica di Sir Christopher Hatton era una specie d'oro,,en) to honour Sir Christopher Hatton, Lord Chancellor of England and a favourite of Elizabeth I of England as well as one of his mayor investors. Sir Christopher Hatton’s heraldic crest was a golden hinde, a prestigious symbol remembering the noble’s hunting journeys of the red deer in the English countryside.

Becoming the first English privateer in finding and crossing the Strait of Magellan, Francis Drake followed the steps of Hernando de Magallanes, its discoverer, and another two Spanish expeditions, in October 1578, disclosing the cherished secret of the Spanish crown. The Spanish Crown was able to keep the secret for almost 6 decades. Once in the shore of the Magellan Strait, Francis Drake and his men engaged in skirmish with local indigenous people, becoming the first Europeans to kill indigenous peoples in southern Patagonia. Just one ship successfully crossed the Strait of Magellan along with the Golden Hinde which was the Elizabeth, captained by John Wynter, Drake’s second in command. Gli Marigold was destroyed against the coast and the Elizabeth were separated from the Golden Hinde when face a storm entering the Pacific Ocean and John Wynter turned back. Going back into the strait and having sickness on board he sent a boat ashore to search out for medicinal herbs. During the stay in the strait, crew members discovered that an infusion made of the bark of Drimys winteri (Canelo tree in the Mapudungun language of the Mapuche people in Chile), called later Winter’s bark, potrebbe essere usato come rimedio contro lo scorbuto,,en,Il capitano John Winter ordinò la raccolta di grandi quantità di corteccia - da cui il nome scientifico dopo di lui - e fece ritorno in Inghilterra,,en,raggiungere Plymouth otto mesi dopo,,en,a giugno,,en,Una volta in Inghilterra,,en,nello stesso giorno del suo arrivo,,en,mandò un rapporto sul viaggio e spiegò la sua diserzione da Drake a suo padre e suo zio,,en,entrambi erano membri del Consiglio della Marina,,en,dopo essersi separato dall'Elizabeth e aver lasciato la bocca occidentale dello stretto di Magellano,,en. Captain John Wynter ordered the collection of great amounts of bark – hence the scientific name after him – and set back to England, reaching Plymouth eight months later, on June 2, 1579. Once in England, in the same day of his arrival, he sent a report on the voyage and explaining his desertion from Drake to his father and uncle, George and his brother Admiral Sir William Wynter, both of whom were members of the Navy Board. D'altronde, after separated from the Elizabeth and leaving the occidental mouth of the Strait of Magellan, gli Golden Hinde sailed due north along the Pacific Ocean coast of Chile with the resolved intention of attacking Spanish ports and pillaging towns and villages.

Tuttavia, Drake’s second encounter with the inhabitants of Patagonia was on the Pacific coast, with the native Mapuche people, nel mese di novembre 25, 1578, a Mocha Island, where he anchored to approach land searching for vegetables and fresh water, as it is written in the Golden Hinde’s logbook, dopo un iniziale saluto amichevole è sorto uno scontro a sorpresa in cui due membri dell'equipaggio sono stati uccisi e altri due feriti gravemente dalle frecce,,en,Drake stesso è stato ferito due volte guadagnando la cicatrice sotto il suo occhio destro che lo accompagnerà come un ricordo della seconda circumnavigazione del pianeta per il resto della sua vita,,en,Secondo il diario di bordo del Golden Hinde, un membro dell'equipaggio ha commesso l'errore di chiedere acqua fresca usando la parola spagnola Agua facendo credere ai mapuche che erano loro nemici gli spagnoli,,en, Drake himself was injured twice gaining the scar below his right eye which will accompany him as a memory of the second circumnavigation of the planet for the rest of his life. According to the Golden Hinde’s logbook a member of the crew made the mistake to ask for fresh water using the Spanish word agua (water) making the Mapuche to think they were their traditional enemies, the Spaniards. I soldati nativi mapuche stavano già combattendo contro gli spagnoli per più di,,en,e per i mapuche gli inglesi e gli spagnoli sembrano simili,,en,Francis Drake e il suo equipaggio lasciano l'isola di Mocha per una baia di rifugio a Papudo,,en,a nord di Valparaíso, dove si sono ripresi dalle ferite e riposato con acqua e cibo dagli indiani Chango locali,,en,Felipe,,en,un indiano Chango civilizzato,,en,un pescatore che parlava spagnolo e vi hanno trovato,,en 40 anni, da 1536, before the English arrived, and for the Mapuche people Englishmen and Spaniards seem alike.

Francis Drake and his crew leave Mocha Island for a shelter cove in Papudo, north of Valparaíso where they recovered from their wounds and rested having water and food from the local Chango Indians. Felipe, a civilized Chango Indian, a fisherman who spoke Spanish and they found there, told them that they just have passed Valparaíso and he could pilot them into the port to seize a Spanish vessel. Pertanto, the 5th of December 1578, the tide changed for the Elizabeth’s favoured captain as the Golden Hinde slipped into the bay to seize the only ship anchored there, the crew of eight Spaniards and three negroes took them for friends, salute them with drum beats and make ready a jar of Chilean wine to drink with them. Drake’s men took the ship and only one Spaniard leaped overboard and swam ashore. In this, an audacious manoeuvre, Francis Drake had captured La Capitana, gli Captaine of Moriall, or the Great Captaine of the South Islands, Admiral of the Islands of Solomon, under the command of Hernando Lamero y Gallego de Andrade, a celebrated pilot who leaped overboard and swam ashore to give the alarm of the assault of Drake’s men. Hernando Lamero had loaded his vessel with 25.000 pesos of fine gold brought from Valdivia (Baldivia wrote Drake) e 1720 Chilean wine clay jugs (colonial botigas of one arroba [35,5 litri] or botigas de carga for transport of two arrobas [71 litri]). [1]

Inoltre, full of enthusiasm, he did not forget to sack for three days the Spanish small port of Valparaíso particularly the poor Catholic chapel, considering the religious animus of the times, adding a few more things made of gold, more wine from local stores, bacon, bread and all sort of supplies. Tuttavia, little booty was found in the town, then inhabited for just nine families which run away to the hills, except for the prize’s cargo and the wine in a warehouse waiting for embarkment that was added to the ship cargo holds totaling 1770 Chilean wine clay jugs and 60.000 pieces of gold. Drake seize the ship and the pilot Juan Griego (John Greek), named like that due to his origin and who will be disembark in Callao, Perù. [2]

Gli Captaine of Moriall (La Capitana in Spanish reports) wine cargo had been originally destined to supply the mining town of Potosí silver mountain in Alto Peru via the Spanish port of San Marcos de Arica. The gold from La Capitana had been destined to the Spanish Silver Train, a trail used by cargo mule’s trains to transport silver coming mainly from Potosí across the Isthmus of Panama to the port city of Nombre de Jesús in order to load it into the ships’ holds of the Spanish treasure fleet. Francis Drake at the time did not know that some years later he would succeed in capturing the mule train from the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama and later would also find in the area his own death. Probably Francis Drake and his crew were the first Englishmen in tasting the Chilean wines which had been playing such a significant role in the Spanish conquest. There is unknown if this wine sailed along with Drake to arrive to the table of Queen Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen, in the very heart of England, to rival with French wines. In addition to French wines other wines from diverse origin, amongst others from Cyprus, Messina or Porto were used to enhance Elizabethan dinner table. William Shakespeare and many other English writers mention wine from the Canaries, but Shakespeare was insistent on almost all his creations, especially Henry IV (1597), calling it sack e canary. Per l' Malvasia wine of the Canary Islands, William Shakespeare used the terms sack e canaries oppure malmsey canary. To refer to other wines such as Jerez, he used the word sherry coming from the Arab Sherish, the old name of Jerez under the Arab rule. [3]

It is recorded that the wines which would become famous French brands, some short time later, as Haut-Brion, Latour, Margaux and Lafite wines from Bordeaux were there to enhance the offer of the Queen´s Elizabeth I dinner table celebrating her times. They were the times of the Sea Dogs of Elizabeth I, privateers or corsairs, like John Hawkins, Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, which use to carry “Letters of Marque” which made their plundering of Spanish ships legal under English Law. They were the times also of writers and poets and scholars, the times of William Shakespeare, Philip Sydney, Francis Bacon and Christopher Marlowe. Those were the times of England’s golden age, the very beginnings of the British Empire. The times of Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of actors, un “playing company” where Richard Burbage was the main actor and for which William Shakespeare wrote for most of his career, and for whose performance, as secondary actor on the stage, the Queen pleasantly used to go to see at The Theatre (built under advice of John Dee) before the inauguration of Shakespeare’s associated theatre: The Globe. Sicuramente, Francis Drake did not know the Globe but for sure he pays a visit to The Theatre to see one of the famous plays of Shakespeare on the fashion at the times.

According to the logbook of Francis Drake’s Golden Hinde accounts: "To Lima we came the 13 di febbraio,,en,essere entrato nel paradiso,,en,abbiamo trovato lì circa dodici vele di navi che giacevano veloci ormeggiate all'ancora,,en,avendo tutte le loro vele trasportate a riva,,en,perché i padroni e i mercanti erano qui più sicuri,,en,non essere mai stato aggredito dai nemici,,en,e in quel momento temevo l'approccio di nessuno come noi,,en,Il nostro generale ha rigato queste navi,,en,e trovato in uno di essi come un baule pieno di realtà di lamiera,,en,e buon negozio di sete e di lino,,en,e prese il petto nella sua stessa nave,,en,e buon negozio di sete e biancheria,,en; e, being entered the haven, we found there about twelve sail of ships lying fast moored at an anchor, having all their sails carried on shore; for the masters and merchants were here most secure, having never been assaulted by enemies, and at this time feared the approach of none such as we were. Our General rifled these ships, and found in one of them as chest full of reales of plate, and good store of silks and linen cloth; and took the chest into his own ship, and good store of the silks and linen. In quale nave aveva notizie di un'altra nave chiamata Cacafuego,,en,che era andato verso Payta,,en,e che la stessa nave era carica di tesori,,en,Al che non siamo rimasti qui,,en,ma,,en,tagliare tutti i cavi delle navi nel porto,,en,li lasciamo guidare dove vogliono,,en,al mare o alla riva,,en,e con tutta la velocità abbiamo seguito il Cacafuego verso Payta,,en,pensando di averla trovata,,en,Ma prima che arrivassimo, lei se ne andò da lì verso Panama,,en,che il nostro generale ancora inseguiva,,en, which was gone towards Payta, and that the same ship was laden with treasure. Whereupon we stayed no longer here, but, cutting all the cables of the ships in the haven, we let them drive whither they would, either to sea or to the shore; and with all speed we followed the Cacafuego toward Payta, thinking there to have found her. But before we arrived there she was gone from thence towards Panama; whom our General still pursued, e dal modo in cui incontrato con una corteccia carico di corde e placcaggio per le navi,,en,che ha imbarcato e cercato,,en,e trovato in lei,,en,libbre,,en,peso dell'oro,,en,e un crocifisso d'oro con smeraldi di grande valore,,en,che ha preso,,en,e parte della corda anche per la sua stessa nave,,en,Da qui partimmo,,en,seguendo ancora il Cacafuego,,en,e il nostro Generale ha promesso alla nostra compagnia che chiunque dovesse prima discuterla dovrebbe avere la sua catena d'oro per le sue buone notizie,,en,E 'stato fortunato che John Drake,,en,salendo in cima,,en,La descrissi su tre del tempo,,en, which he boarded and searched, and found in her 80 lb. weight of gold, and a crucifix of gold with goodly great emeralds set in it, which he took, and some of the cordage also for his own ship. From hence we departed, still following the Cacafuego; and our General promised our company that whosoever should first descry her should have his chain of gold for his good news. It was fortuned that John Drake, going up into the top, described her about three of the clock. E verso le sei del giorno siamo venuti da lei e l'abbiamo salpata,,en,e ha sparato ai suoi tre pezzi di ordigni,,en,e abbattere il suo mizen,,en,essere inserito,,en,abbiamo trovato nelle sue grandi ricchezze,,en,come gioielli e pietre preziose,,en,tredici casse piene di realtà d'argento,,en,peso della libbra del quarto d'oro,,en,e sei e venti tonnellate d'argento,,en,Il luogo in cui abbiamo preso questo premio si chiamava Cape de San Francisco,,en,campionati,,en,da Panama ",,en,È stato registrato che i vini Haut-Brion e Lafite di Bordeaux erano lì per migliorare l'offerta del tavolo Queen's Elizabeth I.,,en, and shot at her three pieces of ordnance, and strake down her mizen; e, being entered, we found in her great riches, as jewels and precious stones, thirteen chests full of reales of silver, fourscore pound weight of gold, and six-and-twenty ton of silver. The place where we took this prize was called Cape de San Francisco, about 150 leagues [south] from Panama".

John Maynard Keynes, a well-known English economist, linked all British foreign investment to the single act of looting of the Spanish Armada. John Maynard Keynes tracked the source of British capital – and computed the compounded value of this loot. – Keynes wrote:

"I trace the beginnings of British foreign investment to the treasure which Drake stole from Spain in 1580. In that year he returned to England bringing with him the prodigious spoils of the Golden Hind. Queen Elizabeth was a considerable shareholder in the syndicate which had financed the expedition. Out of her share she paid off the whole of England’s foreign debt, balanced her Budget, and found herself with about £40,000 in hand. This she invested in the Levant Company –which prospered. Fuori dai profitti della Levant Company,,en,la Compagnia delle Indie Orientali fu fondata,,en,e i profitti di questa grande impresa furono il fondamento dei successivi investimenti esteri dell'Inghilterra,,en,Ora accade che 40.000 sterline che si accumulano con un interesse composto del 3 per cento corrisponde approssimativamente al volume reale degli investimenti esteri dell'Inghilterra in varie date e ammonterebbero attualmente a un totale di £ 4.000.000.000 che ho già indicato come ciò che i nostri investimenti stranieri ora sono,,en, the East India Company was founded; and the profits of this great enterprise were the foundation of England’s subsequent foreign investment. Now it happens that £40,000 accumulating at 3f per cent compound interest approximately corresponds to the actual volume of England’s foreign investments at various dates and would actually amount today to the total of £4,000,000,000 which I have already quoted as being what our foreign investments now are. Così, ogni £ 1 che Drake ha portato a casa,,en,è ora diventato £ 100.000,,en,Questo è il potere dell'interesse composto,,en,La Capitana in spagnolo,,en,Francis Drake a quel tempo non sapeva che alcuni anni dopo sarebbe riuscito a catturare il treno mulo dal lato Atlantico dell'Istmo di Panama e in seguito avrebbe anche trovato nella zona la propria morte,,en,il prezzo del vino rimaneva tra,,en,Cile e Argentina erano una minaccia per il reddito della corona spagnola,,en,per proteggere il commercio del vino spagnolo,,en 1580 has now become £100,000. Such is the power of compound interest!"

By 1594, 100 thousand arrobas a year, equivalente a 1.6 million liters of wine, were produced in the Kingdom of Chile. Throughout the colonial period, the price of wine remained between 19 e 22 reales per arroba – equivalente a 16.13 litri -, and there were only sporadic increases, as a result of the bad harvests or the advance of the Arauco war that affected production in the south of the territory. Even though wine production was primarily destined for domestic consumption, part of it was exported to neighboring countries. The emergence of growing wine industries in México, Perú, Chile and Argentina was a threat to the Spanish Crown income, with Philip III and succeeding monarchs issuing decrees and declarations ordering the uprooting of New World vineyards and halting the production of wine by the colonies. In Cile, these orders were largely ignored; but in Argentina, they served to stunt growth and development until independence was gained from Spanish rule. In 1794, King Carlos IV, to protect the Spanish wine trade, issued a royal order prohibiting the export of Chilean wines to Nueva España (México) and Nueva Granada (Colombia and Venezuela).

[1] Quando Francis Drake assalì Valparaiso i contenitori per lo stoccaggio e il trasporto dei vini erano principalmente tre,,en,il tinajas fatto da argilla e con una capacità di più di,,en,litri utilizzati per la vinificazione e lo stoccaggio,,en,il negozio di un Arroba,,ca,Vecchia misura spagnola equivalente a,,en,e i negozi di merci,,ca,una brocca di vino d'argilla progettata per il trasporto e con una capacità di due arrobas equivalente a,,en,Il numero di brocche di terracotta cilena e di pezzi d'oro varia a seconda dell'autore,,en: gli tinajas made from clay and with a capacity of more than 400 litres used for winemaking and storage, gli botiga of one arroba (Spanish old measure equivalent to 35,5 litri) e la botigas de carga (a clay wine jug designed for transport and with a capacity of two arrobas equivalent to 71 litri).

[2] The number of Chilean wine clay jugs as well as of pieces of gold varies according to the author. Perché il diario di bordo di Drake era nascosto dalla regina Elisabetta I,,en,chi si è appropriato della parte del leone dei proventi del viaggio,,en,Il diario di Drake,,en,con la sua narrativa e dipinti,,en,fu immediatamente messo da lui nelle mani della Regina,,en,chi sembra averlo perso irrimediabilmente,,en,Drake fu invitato a mantenere il silenzio sul suo viaggio a causa del pericolo diplomatico se la sua intrusione armata nei domini di Re Filippo fu ammessa,,en,Ha giurato ai suoi uomini di mantenere il segreto,,en, who appropriated the lion’s share of the proceeds of the voyage. Drake’s own journal, with its narrative and paintings, was immediately placed by him in the hands of the Queen, who seems to have lost it irretrievably. Drake was bidden to keep silence about his voyage because of the diplomatic danger if his armed intrusion into King Philip’s dominions were admitted. He swore his men to secrecy–l'unico mezzo con cui potevano sperare di mantenere il loro bottino,,en,La data tardiva alla quale qualsiasi affidabile,,en,per non parlare di dettagli,,en,il resoconto della circumnavigazione di Drake divenne pubblico e riflette l'iniziale penuria di informazioni,,en,da cui hanno sofferto anche i geografi professionisti,,en,Quando Ferdinando di Magellano prepara la sua flotta a Siviglia,,en,per iniziare la circumnavigazione in,,en,conoscere l'obbligo di adempiere all'abitudine navale o,,en,accordo collettivo,,en,dei marittimi quindi,,en,sopportare la dura vita a bordo,,en,avuto il diritto di,,en,mezzo azumbre al giorno,,en,di vino,,en. The late date at which any reliable, let alone detailed, account of Drake’s circumnavigation became public reflects the early dearth of information, from which even professional geographers suffered.

[3] When Ferdinand of Magellan prepare his fleet in Seville, Spagna, to start the circumnavigation in 1519, knowing the obligation to fulfil the naval habit or “collective agreement” of the seafarers then, “to endure the hard life on board“, had the right to “half azumbre a day” of wine (one liter), which they had to take distributed in “four quarts” throughout the day, not suddenly. Magellan ordered to bought “to maintain the spirits of the crew, the best of the best wines in Xerez (originally under the Arab name of “Sherish” as it was known in England since the XII century, which later became sherry), and no less than four hundred and seventeen wineskins and two hundred and fifty-three barrels, which should ensure for two years the drink on the sailors’ table“. Stefan Zweig, Magallanes, Ed. Juventud, Barcellona, 1990, p.93.