Vinodata

Francis Drake, Les vins chiliens et la naissance de l'empire britannique,,en,Les vins chiliens et la naissance de l'empire britannique,,en

Francis Drake, Les vins chiliens et la naissance de l'empire britannique,,en,Les vins chiliens et la naissance de l'empire britannique,,en

Ramón A. Rada M.

Since the XIV and XV centuries the Renaissance was unfolding mainly in Florence, Italie, in the beginning in the hands of Dante, with his masterpiece the Divina Comedia (1321), and then in those of Leonardo (1452-1519) et Michelangelo (1475-1564), with their drawings, paintings and sculptures. At the same time the European Christianity become astonished by their fear because of the Fall of Constantinople (1453) under the rule of the Muslim Ottoman Turks. Everything was announcing the incoming of a new world as well as new technologies as the Johannes Gutenberg movable type printing press (1454), enhancing the portability of knowledge throughout new and handy books and contributing to spread these news and feelings rapidly. The jewel of the Crown was the Christopher Columbus discovery of America (1492) contributing to create an atmosphere of progress and optimism. In the Iberian Peninsula, the final defeat of the Moors (name for the Arabs coming from the former Roman province of Mauritania) with the aid of new technologies in the service of the armies, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, le Gran Capitán led a successful military campaign heading to conquer Granada (1492) allowing the rise of the Kingdom of Castile and Aragón, shaping territories to start the journey to become the Spanish Empire. The innovations introduced by the Gran Capitán to the Spanish army will lead to the creation of the Tercios de España, the world’s most successful military formation for more than a century. The Royalty start to finance expeditions for long-distance navigation trips lead by Portugal closely followed by Spain, an age of news and discoveries. The innovative city of Florence along with stablishing the fundamental of the western financial systems, the invention of modern accounting by the Italian monk Luca Pacioli, who, à 1494, décrit pour la première fois le système de comptabilité à double entrée utilisé par les marchands vénitiens,,en,permettre la responsabilité financière,,en,stimuler la mondialisation naissante et les entreprises mondiales,,en,formé pour entreprendre des entreprises au nom du Royaume,,en,Rodrigo de Borja,,es,Valencien,,en,Roderic Llançol et de Borja,,ca,en italien,,en,un ami proche de,,en,Isabella I,,en, allowing financial accountability, boosting the incipient globalization and global enterprises, starting the development of joint-ventures and associations of individuals, formed to undertake enterprises on behalf of the Kingdom. These charter companies were originally Italian, but the Dutch and the English will emerge as the Italians’ most aptest and advantaged pupils in this respect. In the emerging small Kingdom of England a notable expedition led by Francis Drake was organised and financed as a Royal charter company. These joint-ventures, partnerships or associations, were a common method of organising and financing commercial voyages, military expeditions, and colonizing activities, particularly from the Middle Ages onwards.

Francis Drake’s most famous and well known expedition, financed as joint-venture by English investors whom were high officials as Privy Councilors Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester; Sir Francis Walsingham; the Earl of Lincoln and Lord High Admiral of England; aussi, Sir Christopher Hatton; Admiral Sir William Wynter, Surveyor and Master of Ordnance of the Navy; George Wynter et John Hawkins, cousin and Drake’s former commander as well as founder of the English slave trade. Le Queen Elizabeth I herself may have been an investor, though this is not quite certain. Francis Drake himself participated to the tune of £1000, a good sum for that time but not a trouble for Drake who was then already a rich man for the profits obtained in the slave trade. Drake’s involvement in the slave trade started when his cousin John Hawkins, England’s first slave trader, l'invite à faire partie de,,en,et ils bénéficient du commerce jusqu'à ce que,,en,Ils ont fait trois voyages en Guinée et en Sierra Leone et asservis entre,,en,Africains,,en,Selon les esclavagistes,,en,comptes du temps cela aurait probablement impliqué la mort de trois fois ce nombre,,en,Leurs profits personnels provenant de la vente d’esclaves étaient si énormes qu’ils devinrent des hommes riches et suffisamment sages pour avoir un partenaire commercial caché,,en,Reine Elizabeth I elle-même,,en 1562 and they enjoy the benefit of the trade until 1567. They made three voyages to Guinea and Sierra Leone and enslaved between 1,200 et 1,400 Africans. According to slavers’ accounts of the time this would probably have involved the death of three times that number. Their personal profits coming from selling slaves was so huge that they become rich men and wise enough as they were to have a hidden business partner, Queen Elizabeth I herself. The Virgin Queen would be the patron of the next most important venture of Francis Drake, the unveiling of the most cherished Spanish crown secret, discovered 58 years before, the location of the Strait of Magellan, as well as the most profitable plundering ever had in piracy history.

Golden Hinde replica (1973) moored in the docks of the Tower of London by Murgatroyd 49. The Golden Hinde, lancé en 1577, was the second ship to circumnavigate the planet from 1577 à 1580 under Francis Drake command who after that was knighted by the Queen Elizabeth I, one of his main partners in the charter.

Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth on December 13, 1577. The squadron consisted of five vessels, the two larger ships being the Pelican, Drake’s own ship, weighing about 100 tonnes, renamed it as Golden Hinde during the voyage, on August 20, 1578; et l' Elizabeth,,en,Trois plus petits navires étaient les,,en,Souci,,en,Cygne,,en, commanded by John Wynter. Three smaller vessels were the Marigold, le Swan, et l' Christopher. Only the Golden Hinde, managed to make the complete voyage, returning to England on Sept. 26, 1580. The little fleet proceeded due south to the Cape Verde Islands with the intention to take advantage there of the trade winds on route towards the coast of Brazil. On Cape Verde and fortunately for Francis Drake, on January 30, 1578, he captured the Portuguese pilot Nuno da Silva with an extensive experience of the Atlantic South American coast, that Drake will be released only more than a year later in Guatulco, sur Avril 13, 1579, in the west coast of Mexico. Nuno da Silva was a pilot with the knowledge of the Spanish and Portuguese maps of the America coast of the Atlantic and probably have had knowledge of the entrance of the Strait of Magellan.

Navigation in the Strait of Magellan was forbidden for the Portuguese pilots, due to the 1493 papal bull Inter Caetera, issued by the former Spanish Cardinal Archbishop of Valencia, Rodrigo de Borja (Valencian: Roderic Llançol i de Borja) Rodrigo Borgia in Italian, a close friend of Isabella I puis reine de Castille et,,en,Ferdinand II,,ro,puis roi d'Aragon,,en,une fois élu pape,,en,a été renommé pape Alexandre VI,,en,L'interdiction de navigation sur le détroit de Magellan qui affectait le pilote,,en,sous la domination des Turcs musulmans ottomans,,en,nom des Arabes originaires de l'ancienne province romaine de Mauritanie,,en,la formation militaire la plus prospère du monde depuis plus d’un siècle,,en,l'invention de la comptabilité moderne par le moine italien,,en,Luca Pacioli,,it Ferdinand II, then King of Aragon. Rodrigo Borgia, once elected pope, was renamed Pope Alexander VI. The prohibition of navigation on the Strait of Magellan which was affecting the pilot Nuno da Silva does not mean that he was not in knowledge of the Spanish maps of the Strait of Magellan itself, one of the most carefully secrets kept of the Iberian crown. Thence they sailed across the Atlantic to the coasts of South America near to Río de la Plata, and went southwards to the port of San Julián, where Hernando de Magallanes had anchored 58 years before; they arrived there on June 18, 1578, confirming by making ashore that they were following their steps and Drake following the same criterion of Magellan decided to remain the winter in San Julián before attempting the Strait of Magellan. After deciding to abandon the two small ships, le Swan, et l' Christopher, and burned the Mary (former Santa María captured to Nuno da Silva in Cape Verde) which was unable to navigate because of rotting timbers, they left San Julián in search of the oriental entrance of the Strait of Magellan.

On August 20, 1578 with the Strait of Magellan in sight, Francis Drake held a ceremony in which he changed the name of his flagship from Pelican à Golden Hinde (un cerf rouge femelle d'or,,en,La crête héraldique de Sir Christopher Hatton était un hinde doré,,en,symbole prestigieux rappelant les voyages du noble cerf dans la campagne anglaise,,en,un cerf rouge femelle d'or,,en,La crête héraldique de Sir Christopher Hatton était un hinde doré,,en,symbole prestigieux rappelant les voyages du noble cerf dans la campagne anglaise,,en) to honour Sir Christopher Hatton, Lord Chancellor of England and a favourite of Elizabeth I of England as well as one of his mayor investors. Sir Christopher Hatton’s heraldic crest was a golden hinde, a prestigious symbol remembering the noble’s hunting journeys of the red deer in the English countryside.

Becoming the first English privateer in finding and crossing the Strait of Magellan, Francis Drake followed the steps of Hernando de Magallanes, its discoverer, and another two Spanish expeditions, in October 1578, disclosing the cherished secret of the Spanish crown. The Spanish Crown was able to keep the secret for almost 6 decades. Once in the shore of the Magellan Strait, Francis Drake and his men engaged in skirmish with local indigenous people, becoming the first Europeans to kill indigenous peoples in southern Patagonia. Just one ship successfully crossed the Strait of Magellan along with the Golden Hinde which was the Elizabeth,,en,Trois plus petits navires étaient les,,en,Souci,,en,Cygne,,en, captained by John Wynter, Drake’s second in command. Le Marigold was destroyed against the coast and the Elizabeth,,en,Trois plus petits navires étaient les,,en,Souci,,en,Cygne,,en were separated from the Golden Hinde when face a storm entering the Pacific Ocean and John Wynter turned back. Going back into the strait and having sickness on board he sent a boat ashore to search out for medicinal herbs. During the stay in the strait, crew members discovered that an infusion made of the bark of Drimys winteri (Canelo tree in the Mapudungun language of the Mapuche people in Chile), called later Winter’s bark, pourrait être utilisé comme un remède contre le scorbut,,en,Le capitaine John Winter a ordonné la collecte de grandes quantités d'écorce - d'où son nom scientifique - et est retourné en Angleterre,,en,atteindre Plymouth huit mois plus tard,,en,en juin,,en,Une fois en Angleterre,,en,le jour même de son arrivée,,en,il a envoyé un rapport sur le voyage et expliquant sa désertion de Drake à son père et son oncle,,en,qui étaient tous deux membres du conseil de la marine,,en,après séparé de l'Elisabeth et de quitter l'embouchure occidentale du détroit de Magellan,,en. Captain John Wynter ordered the collection of great amounts of bark – hence the scientific name after him – and set back to England, reaching Plymouth eight months later, on June 2, 1579. Once in England, in the same day of his arrival, he sent a report on the voyage and explaining his desertion from Drake to his father and uncle, George and his brother Admiral Sir William Wynter, both of whom were members of the Navy Board. De l'autre côté, after separated from the Elizabeth,,en,Trois plus petits navires étaient les,,en,Souci,,en,Cygne,,en and leaving the occidental mouth of the Strait of Magellan, le Golden Hinde sailed due north along the Pacific Ocean coast of Chile with the resolved intention of attacking Spanish ports and pillaging towns and villages.

Cependant, Drake’s second encounter with the inhabitants of Patagonia was on the Pacific coast, with the native Mapuche people, en Novembre 25, 1578, à Mocha Island, where he anchored to approach land searching for vegetables and fresh water, as it is written in the Golden Hinde’s logbook, après un premier salut amical, un combat surpris a eu lieu, au cours duquel deux membres de l'équipage ont été tués et deux autres grièvement blessés par des flèches,,en,Drake lui-même a été blessé à deux reprises en gagnant la cicatrice au-dessous de son œil droit qui l'accompagnera comme souvenir de la deuxième circumnavigation de la planète pour le restant de ses jours.,,en,Selon le journal de bord du Golden Hinde, un membre de l’équipage aurait commis l’erreur de demander de l’eau douce en utilisant le mot espagnol agua, faisant croire aux Mapuches qu’ils étaient leurs ennemis les Espagnols.,,en, Drake himself was injured twice gaining the scar below his right eye which will accompany him as a memory of the second circumnavigation of the planet for the rest of his life. According to the Golden Hinde’s logbook a member of the crew made the mistake to ask for fresh water using the Spanish word agua (water) making the Mapuche to think they were their traditional enemies, the Spaniards. Les soldats mapuches indigènes combattaient déjà les Espagnols pendant plus de,,en,et pour le peuple Mapuche Anglais et Espagnols se ressemblent,,en,Francis Drake et son équipage quittent l'île Mocha pour se réfugier dans une crique à Papudo,,en,au nord de Valparaíso où ils se sont remis de leurs blessures et se reposaient avec de l'eau et de la nourriture des Indiens Chango,,en,Felipe,,en,un indien civilisé chango,,en,un pêcheur qui parlait espagnol et ils y ont trouvé,,en 40 ans, depuis 1536, before the English arrived, and for the Mapuche people Englishmen and Spaniards seem alike.

Francis Drake and his crew leave Mocha Island for a shelter cove in Papudo, north of Valparaíso where they recovered from their wounds and rested having water and food from the local Chango Indians. Felipe, a civilized Chango Indian, a fisherman who spoke Spanish and they found there, told them that they just have passed Valparaíso and he could pilot them into the port to seize a Spanish vessel. Donc, the 5th of December 1578, the tide changed for the Elizabeth’s favoured captain as the Golden Hinde slipped into the bay to seize the only ship anchored there, the crew of eight Spaniards and three negroes took them for friends, salute them with drum beats and make ready a jar of Chilean wine to drink with them. Drake’s men took the ship and only one Spaniard leaped overboard and swam ashore. In this, an audacious manoeuvre, Francis Drake had captured La Capitana, le Captaine of Moriall, or the Great Captaine of the South Islands, Admiral of the Islands of Solomon, under the command of Hernando Lamero y Gallego de Andrade, a celebrated pilot who leaped overboard and swam ashore to give the alarm of the assault of Drake’s men. Hernando Lamero had loaded his vessel with 25.000 pesos of fine gold brought from Valdivia (Baldivia wrote Drake) et 1720 Chilean wine clay jugs (colonial botigas of one arroba [35,5 litres] or botigas de carga for transport of two arrobas [71 litres]). [1]

En plus, full of enthusiasm, he did not forget to sack for three days the Spanish small port of Valparaíso particularly the poor Catholic chapel, considering the religious animus of the times, adding a few more things made of gold, more wine from local stores, bacon, bread and all sort of supplies. Cependant, little booty was found in the town, then inhabited for just nine families which run away to the hills, except for the prize’s cargo and the wine in a warehouse waiting for embarkment that was added to the ship cargo holds totaling 1770 Chilean wine clay jugs and 60.000 pieces of gold. Drake seize the ship and the pilot Juan Griego (John Greek), named like that due to his origin and who will be disembark in Callao, Pérou. [2]

Le Captaine of Moriall (La Capitana in Spanish reports) wine cargo had been originally destined to supply the mining town of Potosí silver mountain in Alto Peru via the Spanish port of San Marcos de Arica. The gold from La Capitana had been destined to the Spanish Silver Train, a trail used by cargo mule’s trains to transport silver coming mainly from Potosí across the Isthmus of Panama to the port city of Nombre de Jesús in order to load it into the ships’ holds of the Spanish treasure fleet. Francis Drake at the time did not know that some years later he would succeed in capturing the mule train from the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama and later would also find in the area his own death. Probably Francis Drake and his crew were the first Englishmen in tasting the Chilean wines which had been playing such a significant role in the Spanish conquest. There is unknown if this wine sailed along with Drake to arrive to the table of Queen Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen, in the very heart of England, to rival with French wines. In addition to French wines other wines from diverse origin, amongst others from Cyprus, Messina or Porto were used to enhance Elizabethan dinner table. William Shakespeare and many other English writers mention wine from the Canaries, but Shakespeare was insistent on almost all his creations, especially Henry IV (1597), calling it sack et canary. Pour l' Malvasia wine of the Canary Islands, William Shakespeare used the terms sack et canaries ou malmsey canary. To refer to other wines such as Jerez, he used the word sherry coming from the Arab Sherish, the old name of Jerez under the Arab rule. [3]

It is recorded that the wines which would become famous French brands, some short time later, as Haut-Brion, Latour, Margaux and Lafite wines from Bordeaux were there to enhance the offer of the Queen´s Elizabeth I dinner table celebrating her times. They were the times of the Sea Dogs of Elizabeth I, privateers or corsairs, like John Hawkins, Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, which use to carry “Letters of Marque” which made their plundering of Spanish ships legal under English Law. They were the times also of writers and poets and scholars, the times of William Shakespeare, Philip Sydney, Francis Bacon and Christopher Marlowe. Those were the times of England’s golden age, the very beginnings of the British Empire. The times of Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of actors, une “playing company” where Richard Burbage was the main actor and for which William Shakespeare wrote for most of his career, and for whose performance, as secondary actor on the stage, the Queen pleasantly used to go to see at The Theatre (built under advice of John Dee) before the inauguration of Shakespeare’s associated theatre: The Globe. Sûrement, Francis Drake did not know the Globe but for sure he pays a visit to The Theatre to see one of the famous plays of Shakespeare on the fashion at the times.

According to the logbook of Francis Drake’s Golden Hinde accounts: "To Lima we came the 13 de février,,en,être entré dans le havre,,en,nous y avons trouvé environ douze navires de navires couchés rapidement amarrés à une ancre,,en,ayant toutes les voiles portées à terre,,en,pour les maîtres et les marchands étaient ici le plus sécurisé,,en,n'ayant jamais été attaqué par des ennemis,,en,et à ce moment craint l'approche d'aucun comme nous étions,,en,Notre général a rayonné ces navires,,en,et trouvé dans l'un d'eux comme coffre plein de reales de la plaque,,en,et bonne réserve de soie et de lin,,en,et a pris le coffre dans son propre navire,,en,et bon magasin des soies et du lin,,en; et, being entered the haven, we found there about twelve sail of ships lying fast moored at an anchor, having all their sails carried on shore; for the masters and merchants were here most secure, having never been assaulted by enemies, and at this time feared the approach of none such as we were. Our General rifled these ships, and found in one of them as chest full of reales of plate, and good store of silks and linen cloth; and took the chest into his own ship, and good store of the silks and linen. Sur quel navire a-t-il eu des nouvelles d'un autre navire appelé le Cacafuego,,en,qui était parti vers Payta,,en,et que le même navire était chargé de trésors,,en,Sur quoi nous ne sommes plus restés ici,,en,mais,,en,couper tous les câbles des navires dans le havre,,en,nous les laissons conduire où ils voudraient,,en,soit à la mer ou à la côte,,en,et avec toute la vitesse nous avons suivi le Cacafuego vers Payta,,en,pensant y avoir trouvé,,en,Mais avant notre arrivée, elle était partie de là vers le Panama,,en,que notre général poursuivait encore,,en, which was gone towards Payta, and that the same ship was laden with treasure. Whereupon we stayed no longer here, but, cutting all the cables of the ships in the haven, we let them drive whither they would, either to sea or to the shore; and with all speed we followed the Cacafuego toward Payta, thinking there to have found her. But before we arrived there she was gone from thence towards Panama; whom our General still pursued, et en passant rencontré une écorce chargée de cordes et agrès pour les navires,,en,qu'il a embarqué et recherché,,en,et trouvé en elle,,en,kg,,en,poids de l'or,,en,et un crucifix d'or avec d'excellentes émeraudes,,en,qu'il a pris,,en,et une partie du cordage aussi pour son propre navire,,en,De là nous sommes partis,,en,suit toujours le Cacafuego,,en,et notre général a promis à notre compagnie que quiconque la découvrirait en premier aurait sa chaîne d'or pour sa bonne nouvelle,,en,Il a été chanceux que John Drake,,en,monter au sommet,,en,la décrit environ trois heures de l'horloge,,en, which he boarded and searched, and found in her 80 lb. weight of gold, and a crucifix of gold with goodly great emeralds set in it, which he took, and some of the cordage also for his own ship. From hence we departed, still following the Cacafuego; and our General promised our company that whosoever should first descry her should have his chain of gold for his good news. It was fortuned that John Drake, going up into the top, described her about three of the clock. Et environ six heures de l'horloge, nous sommes venus la voir et l'avons embarquée.,,en,et a tiré sur ses trois pièces d'artillerie,,en,et descendre sa mizen,,en,être entré,,en,nous avons trouvé dans ses grandes richesses,,en,comme bijoux et pierres précieuses,,en,treize coffres pleins de reales d'argent,,en,poids de quatre livres sterling d'or,,en,et vingt-six tonnes d'argent,,en,L'endroit où nous avons remporté ce prix s'appelait Cape de San Francisco,,en,lieues,,en,du Panama ”,,en,Il a été constaté que les vins de Bordeaux Haut-Brion et Lafite étaient présents pour améliorer l'offre de la table Elizabeth I,,en, and shot at her three pieces of ordnance, and strake down her mizen; et, being entered, we found in her great riches, as jewels and precious stones, thirteen chests full of reales of silver, fourscore pound weight of gold, and six-and-twenty ton of silver. The place where we took this prize was called Cape de San Francisco, about 150 leagues [south] from Panama".

John Maynard Keynes, a well-known English economist, linked all British foreign investment to the single act of looting of the Spanish Armada. John Maynard Keynes tracked the source of British capital – and computed the compounded value of this loot. – Keynes wrote:

"I trace the beginnings of British foreign investment to the treasure which Drake stole from Spain in 1580. In that year he returned to England bringing with him the prodigious spoils of the Golden Hind. Queen Elizabeth was a considerable shareholder in the syndicate which had financed the expedition. Out of her share she paid off the whole of England’s foreign debt, balanced her Budget, and found herself with about £40,000 in hand. This she invested in the Levant Company –which prospered. Sur les bénéfices de la société du Levant,,en,la Compagnie des Indes orientales a été fondée,,en,et les bénéfices de cette grande entreprise ont été à la base des investissements étrangers ultérieurs de l’Angleterre.,,en,Or, il se trouve que 40 000 £ accumulés à un taux d’intérêt composé de 3% correspondent approximativement au volume réel des investissements étrangers de l’Angleterre à diverses dates et s’élèveraient aujourd’hui au total de 4 000 000 000 £ que j'ai déjà indiqué comme étant nos investissements étrangers actuels,,en, the East India Company was founded; and the profits of this great enterprise were the foundation of England’s subsequent foreign investment. Now it happens that £40,000 accumulating at 3f per cent compound interest approximately corresponds to the actual volume of England’s foreign investments at various dates and would actually amount today to the total of £4,000,000,000 which I have already quoted as being what our foreign investments now are. Ainsi,, chaque £ 1 que Drake a rapporté à la maison,,en,est maintenant devenu 100 000 £,,en,Tel est le pouvoir de l'intérêt composé,,en,La Capitana dans les rapports en espagnol,,en,À l'époque, Francis Drake ignorait que, quelques années plus tard, il réussirait à capturer le train de mulets du côté atlantique de l'isthme de Panama et qu'il retrouverait aussi dans la région sa propre mort,,en,le prix du vin est resté entre,,en,Le Chili et l'Argentine constituaient une menace pour le revenu de la Couronne espagnole,,en,pour protéger le commerce du vin espagnol,,en 1580 has now become £100,000. Such is the power of compound interest!"

Par 1594, 100 thousand arrobas a year, équivalent à 1.6 million liters of wine, were produced in the Kingdom of Chile. Throughout the colonial period, the price of wine remained between 19 et 22 reales per arroba – équivalent à 16.13 litres -, and there were only sporadic increases, as a result of the bad harvests or the advance of the Arauco war that affected production in the south of the territory. Even though wine production was primarily destined for domestic consumption, part of it was exported to neighboring countries. The emergence of growing wine industries in México, Perú, Chile and Argentina was a threat to the Spanish Crown income, with Philip III and succeeding monarchs issuing decrees and declarations ordering the uprooting of New World vineyards and halting the production of wine by the colonies. Au Chili, these orders were largely ignored; but in Argentina, they served to stunt growth and development until independence was gained from Spanish rule. En 1794, King Carlos IV, to protect the Spanish wine trade, issued a royal order prohibiting the export of Chilean wines to Nueva España (México) and Nueva Granada (Colombia and Venezuela).

[1] Lorsque Francis Drake a attaqué Valparaiso, les conteneurs pour le stockage et le transport des vins étaient principalement composés de trois,,en,les tinajas en argile et d’une capacité supérieure à,,en,litres utilisés pour la vinification et le stockage,,en,la boutique d'un arroba,,ca,Ancienne mesure espagnole équivalente à,,en,et les magasins de fret,,ca,un pichet de vin en argile conçu pour le transport et avec une capacité de deux arrobas équivalent à,,en,Le nombre de cruches d'argile de vin chilien ainsi que de pièces d'or varie selon l'auteur,,en: le tinajas made from clay and with a capacity of more than 400 litres used for winemaking and storage, le botiga of one arroba (Spanish old measure equivalent to 35,5 litres) et l' botigas de carga (a clay wine jug designed for transport and with a capacity of two arrobas equivalent to 71 litres).

[2] The number of Chilean wine clay jugs as well as of pieces of gold varies according to the author. Parce que le journal de bord de Drake a été caché par la reine Elizabeth I,,en,qui s'est approprié la part du lion du produit du voyage,,en,Propre journal de Drake,,en,avec son récit et ses peintures,,en,a été immédiatement placé par lui dans les mains de la reine,,en,qui semble l'avoir perdu irrémédiablement,,en,Drake était tenu de garder le silence sur son voyage en raison du danger diplomatique lié à son intrusion armée dans les dominions du roi Philippe,,en,Il a juré à ses hommes de garder le secret,,en, who appropriated the lion’s share of the proceeds of the voyage. Drake’s own journal, with its narrative and paintings, was immediately placed by him in the hands of the Queen, who seems to have lost it irretrievably. Drake was bidden to keep silence about his voyage because of the diplomatic danger if his armed intrusion into King Philip’s dominions were admitted. He swore his men to secrecy–le seul moyen par lequel ils pourraient espérer garder leur butin,,en,La date tardive à laquelle tout fiable,,en,encore moins détaillé,,en,Le compte rendu de la circumnavigation de Drake devenue publique reflète le manque précoce,,en,à partir de laquelle même les géographes professionnels ont souffert,,en,Quand Ferdinand de Magellan prépare sa flotte à Séville,,en,pour commencer la circumnavigation en,,en,sachant l'obligation d'accomplir l'habit maritime ou,,en,convention collective,,en,des gens de mer alors,,en,supporter la dure vie à bord,,en,avait le droit de,,en,demi azumbre par jour,,en,du vin,,en. The late date at which any reliable, let alone detailed, account of Drake’s circumnavigation became public reflects the early dearth of information, from which even professional geographers suffered.

[3] When Ferdinand of Magellan prepare his fleet in Seville, Espagne, to start the circumnavigation in 1519, knowing the obligation to fulfil the naval habit or “collective agreement” of the seafarers then, “to endure the hard life on board“, had the right to “half azumbre a day” of wine (one liter), which they had to take distributed in “four quarts” throughout the day, not suddenly. Magellan ordered to bought “to maintain the spirits of the crew, the best of the best wines in Xerez (originally under the Arab name of “Sherish” as it was known in England since the XII century, which later became sherry), and no less than four hundred and seventeen wineskins and two hundred and fifty-three barrels, which should ensure for two years the drink on the sailors’ table“. Stefan Zweig, Magallanes, Ed. Juventud, Barcelone, 1990, p.93.