Vinodata

Francis Drake, Los vinos chilenos y el nacimiento del imperio británico.,en

Francis Drake, Los vinos chilenos y el nacimiento del imperio británico.,en

Ramón A,,es,Rada m,,en. Rada M.

Since the XIV and XV centuries the Renaissance was unfolding mainly in Florence, Italia, in the beginning in the hands of Dante, con su obra maestra la,,en,Divina Comedia,,es,y luego en los de,,en,con sus dibujos,,en,pinturas y esculturas,,en,Al mismo tiempo, el cristianismo europeo se asombra ante su temor debido a la caída de Constantinopla bajo el gobierno de los turcos otomanos.,,en,La derrota final de los moros.,,en,Lideró una exitosa campaña militar encaminada a conquistar Granada permitiendo el ascenso del Reino de Castilla y Aragón.,,en,Las innovaciones introducidas por el,,en,al ejército español llevará a la creación de la,,en,Tercios de España,,es Divina Comedia (1321), and then in those of Leonardo (1452-1519) y Michelangelo (1475-1564), with their drawings, paintings and sculptures. At the same time the European Christianity become astonished by their fear because of the Fall of Constantinople (1453) bajo el dominio de los turcos otomanos musulmanes,,en,nombre para los árabes procedentes de la antigua provincia romana de Mauritania,,en,La invención de la contabilidad moderna por el monje italiano,,en,Luca Pacioli,,it,describió por primera vez el sistema de contabilidad de doble entrada utilizado por los comerciantes venecianos,,en,permitiendo responsabilidad financiera,,en,impulsar la incipiente globalización y las empresas globales,,en,formado para emprender empresas en nombre del Reino,,en,Rodrigo de Borja,,es,valenciano,,en,Roderic Llançol y de Borja,,ca,en italiano,,en,un amigo cercano de,,en,Isabella I,,en. Everything was announcing the incoming of a new world as well as new technologies as the Johannes Gutenberg prensa de impresión de tipo móvil,,en,mejorando la portabilidad del conocimiento a través de libros nuevos y prácticos y contribuyendo a difundir estas noticias y sentimientos rápidamente,,en,La joya de la corona fue la,,en,La formación militar más exitosa del mundo durante más de un siglo.,,en,Revelando el preciado secreto de la corona española.,,en,La corona española pudo guardar el secreto durante casi,,en,un conocido economista ingles,,en (1454), enhancing the portability of knowledge throughout new and handy books and contributing to spread these news and feelings rapidly. The jewel of the Crown was the Christopher Columbus discovery of America (1492) contributing to create an atmosphere of progress and optimism. In the Iberian Peninsula, the final defeat of the Moors (name for the Arabs coming from the former Roman province of Mauritania) with the aid of new technologies in the service of the armies, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, el Gran Capitán led a successful military campaign heading to conquer Granada (1492) allowing the rise of the Kingdom of Castile and Aragón, shaping territories to start the journey to become the Spanish Empire. The innovations introduced by the Gran Capitán to the Spanish army will lead to the creation of the Tercios de España, the world’s most successful military formation for more than a century. The Royalty start to finance expeditions for long-distance navigation trips lead by Portugal closely followed by Spain, an age of news and discoveries. La innovadora ciudad de Florencia, junto con los fundamentos de los sistemas financieros occidentales.,,en,La invención de la contabilidad que dio origen a la responsabilidad financiera.,,en,Impulsar la incipiente globalización y las empresas globales.,,en,Inicio del desarrollo de joint-ventures y asociaciones de particulares.,,en,Formado para emprender empresas en nombre del Estado.,,en,Estas compañías chárter eran originalmente italianas.,,en,Pero los holandeses y los ingleses surgirán como los italianos.,,en,Los alumnos más aptos y aventajados a este respecto.,,en, the invention of modern accounting by the Italian monk Luca Pacioli, who, en 1494, first described the system of double-entry bookkeeping used by Venetian merchants, allowing financial accountability, boosting the incipient globalization and global enterprises, starting the development of joint-ventures and associations of individuals, formed to undertake enterprises on behalf of the Kingdom. These charter companies were originally Italian, but the Dutch and the English will emerge as the Italians’ most aptest and advantaged pupils in this respect. En el emergente pequeño Reino de Inglaterra una notable expedición liderada por,en Francis Drake was organised and financed as a Royal charter company. These joint-ventures, partnerships or associations, were a common method of organising and financing commercial voyages, military expeditions, and colonizing activities, particularly from the Middle Ages onwards.

Francis Drake’s most famous and well known expedition, financed as joint-venture by English investors whom were high officials as Privy Councilors Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester; Sir Francis Walsingham; the Earl of Lincoln and Lord High Admiral of England; también, Sir Christopher Hatton; Admiral Sir William Wynter, Surveyor and Master of Ordnance of the Navy; George Wynter y John Hawkins, cousin and Drake’s former commander as well as founder of the English slave trade. El Queen Elizabeth I herself may have been an investor, though this is not quite certain. Francis Drake himself participated to the tune of £1000, Una buena suma para ese momento, pero no un problema para Drake, que ya era un hombre rico por las ganancias obtenidas en el comercio de esclavos.,,en,La participación de Drake en el comercio de esclavos comenzó cuando su primo John Hawkins,,en,El primer traficante de esclavos de Inglaterra.,,en,lo invitó a ser parte en,,en,y disfrutan del beneficio del comercio hasta,,en,Hicieron tres viajes a Guinea y Sierra Leona y fueron esclavizados entre,,en,Africanos,,en,Según los esclavistas,,en,cuentas de la época esto probablemente habría implicado la muerte de tres veces ese número,,en. Drake’s involvement in the slave trade started when his cousin John Hawkins, England’s first slave trader, invited him to be part in 1562 and they enjoy the benefit of the trade until 1567. They made three voyages to Guinea and Sierra Leone and enslaved between 1,200 y 1,400 Africans. According to slavers’ accounts of the time this would probably have involved the death of three times that number. Sus ganancias personales provenientes de la venta de esclavos eran tan grandes que se convirtieron en hombres ricos y lo suficientemente sabios como lo eran para tener un socio comercial oculto.,,en,La propia reina isabel I,,en,La Reina Virgen sería la patrona de la próxima aventura más importante de Francis Drake,,en,El descubrimiento del secreto de la corona española más preciado.,,en,descubierto,,en,la ubicación del estrecho de Magallanes,,en,así como el saqueo más rentable jamás tenido en la historia de la piratería,,en,Francis Drake zarpó de Plymouth en diciembre,,en, Queen Elizabeth I herself. The Virgin Queen would be the patron of the next most important venture of Francis Drake, the unveiling of the most cherished Spanish crown secret, discovered 58 years before, the location of the Strait of Magellan, as well as the most profitable plundering ever had in piracy history.

Golden Hinde replica (1973) moored in the docks of the Tower of London by Murgatroyd 49. The Golden Hinde, puesto en marcha en 1577, was the second ship to circumnavigate the planet from 1577 a 1580 under Francis Drake command who after that was knighted by the Queen Elizabeth I, one of his main partners in the charter.

Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth on December 13, 1577. El escuadrón estaba formado por cinco naves.,,en,los dos barcos más grandes son el pelícano,,en,El propio barco de Drake.,,en,pesando sobre,,en,lo cambió de nombre como Golden Hinde durante el viaje,,en,en Agosto,,en,y el elizabeth,,en,comandado por John Winter,,en,Tres vasijas más pequeñas fueron la caléndula.,,en,el Cisne,,en,y el christopher,,en,Solo el hinde dorado,,en,Logré hacer el viaje completo.,,en,volviendo a Inglaterra en septiembre,,en, the two larger ships being the Pelican, Drake’s own ship, weighing about 100 tonnes, renamed it as Golden Hinde during the voyage, on August 20, 1578; y el Elizabeth, commanded by John Wynter. Three smaller vessels were the Marigold, el Swan, y el Christopher. Only the Golden Hinde, managed to make the complete voyage, returning to England on Sept. 26, 1580. La pequeña flota se dirigió hacia el sur hacia las islas de Cabo Verde con la intención de aprovechar los vientos alisios en la ruta hacia la costa de Brasil.,,en,En Cabo Verde y afortunadamente para Francis Drake,,en,en enero,,en,Capturó al piloto portugués Nuno da Silva con una amplia experiencia en la costa atlántica de América del Sur.,,en,que Drake se lanzará solo más de un año después en Guatulco,,en,en la costa oeste de mexico,,en. On Cape Verde and fortunately for Francis Drake, on January 30, 1578, he captured the Portuguese pilot Nuno da Silva with an extensive experience of the Atlantic South American coast, that Drake will be released only more than a year later in Guatulco, en abril 13, 1579, in the west coast of Mexico. Nuno da Silva was a pilot with the knowledge of the Spanish and Portuguese maps of the America coast of the Atlantic and probably have had knowledge of the entrance of the Strait of Magellan.

Navigation in the Strait of Magellan was forbidden for the Portuguese pilots, due to the 1493 papal bull Inter Caetera, issued by the former Spanish Cardinal Archbishop of Valencia, Rodrigo de Borja (Valencian: Roderic Llançol i de Borja) Rodrigo Borgia in Italian, a close friend of Isabella I entonces reina de Castilla y,,en,Fernando II,,ro,entonces rey de aragon,,en,una vez elegido papa,,en,pasó a llamarse papa Alejandro VI,,en,La prohibición de la navegación en el Estrecho de Magallanes que afectaba al piloto.,,en Ferdinand II, then King of Aragon. Rodrigo Borgia, once elected pope, was renamed Pope Alexander VI. The prohibition of navigation on the Strait of Magellan which was affecting the pilot Nuno da Silva does not mean that he was not in knowledge of the Spanish maps of the Strait of Magellan itself, one of the most carefully secrets kept of the Iberian crown. Thence they sailed across the Atlantic to the coasts of South America near to Río de la Plata, and went southwards to the port of San Julián, where Hernando de Magallanes had anchored 58 years before; they arrived there on June 18, 1578, confirming by making ashore that they were following their steps and Drake following the same criterion of Magellan decided to remain the winter in San Julián before attempting the Strait of Magellan. After deciding to abandon the two small ships, el Swan, y el Christopher, and burned the Mary (former Santa María captured to Nuno da Silva in Cape Verde) que no pudo navegar debido a las maderas en descomposición,,en,Salieron de San Julián en busca de la entrada oriental del estrecho de Magallanes.,,en,En Agosto,,en,con el estrecho de Magallanes a la vista,,en,Francis Drake realizó una ceremonia en la que cambió el nombre de su buque insignia de Pelican a Golden Hinde para honrar a Sir Christopher Hatton,,en,Lord Canciller de Inglaterra y favorito de Elizabeth I de Inglaterra, así como uno de sus principales inversores,,en,Convertirse en el primer corsario inglés en encontrar y cruzar el estrecho de Magallanes.,,en, they left San Julián in search of the oriental entrance of the Strait of Magellan.

On August 20, 1578 with the Strait of Magellan in sight, Francis Drake held a ceremony in which he changed the name of his flagship from Pelican a Golden Hinde (un ciervo dorado hembra,,en,El escudo heráldico de Sir Christopher Hatton era un hinde dorado.,,en,un símbolo prestigioso que recuerda los viajes de caza de los nobles del ciervo en el campo inglés,,en) to honour Sir Christopher Hatton, Lord Chancellor of England and a favourite of Elizabeth I of England as well as one of his mayor investors. Sir Christopher Hatton’s heraldic crest was a golden hinde, a prestigious symbol remembering the noble’s hunting journeys of the red deer in the English countryside.

Becoming the first English privateer in finding and crossing the Strait of Magellan, Francis Drake followed the steps of Hernando de Magallanes, its discoverer, and another two Spanish expeditions, in October 1578, disclosing the cherished secret of the Spanish crown. The Spanish Crown was able to keep the secret for almost 6 decades. Once in the shore of the Magellan Strait, Francis Drake and his men engaged in skirmish with local indigenous people, becoming the first Europeans to kill indigenous peoples in southern Patagonia. Just one ship successfully crossed the Strait of Magellan along with the Golden Hinde which was the Elizabeth, captained by John Wynter, Drake’s second in command. El Marigold was destroyed against the coast and the Elizabeth were separated from the Golden Hinde when face a storm entering the Pacific Ocean and John Wynter turned back. Going back into the strait and having sickness on board he sent a boat ashore to search out for medicinal herbs. During the stay in the strait, crew members discovered that an infusion made of the bark of Drimys winteri (Canelo tree in the Mapudungun language of the Mapuche people in Chile), called later Winter’s bark, Podría usarse como remedio contra el escorbuto,,en,El capitán John Winter ordenó la recolección de grandes cantidades de ladridos, de ahí su nombre científico, y regresó a Inglaterra.,,en,llegando a Plymouth ocho meses después,,en,en Junio,,en,Una vez en inglaterra,,en,en el mismo dia de su llegada,,en,Envió un informe sobre el viaje y explica su deserción de Drake a su padre y su tío.,,en,ambos miembros de la Junta de la Marina,,en,Después se separó de Elizabeth y salió de la desembocadura occidental del estrecho de Magallanes.,,en. Captain John Wynter ordered the collection of great amounts of bark – hence the scientific name after him – and set back to England, reaching Plymouth eight months later, on June 2, 1579. Once in England, in the same day of his arrival, he sent a report on the voyage and explaining his desertion from Drake to his father and uncle, George and his brother Admiral Sir William Wynter, both of whom were members of the Navy Board. Por otra parte, after separated from the Elizabeth and leaving the occidental mouth of the Strait of Magellan, el Golden Hinde sailed due north along the Pacific Ocean coast of Chile with the resolved intention of attacking Spanish ports and pillaging towns and villages.

Sin embargo, Drake’s second encounter with the inhabitants of Patagonia was on the Pacific coast, with the native Mapuche people, en Noviembre 25, 1578, a Mocha Island, where he anchored to approach land searching for vegetables and fresh water, as it is written in the Golden Hinde’s logbook, después de un saludo amistoso inicial, surgió una pelea sorpresa en la que dos miembros de la tripulación murieron y otros dos resultaron gravemente heridos por flechas.,,en,El propio Drake se lesionó dos veces y ganó la cicatriz debajo de su ojo derecho, que lo acompañará como recuerdo de la segunda circunnavegación del planeta por el resto de su vida.,,en,Según el cuaderno de bitácora del Golden Hinde, un miembro de la tripulación cometió el error de pedir agua dulce usando la palabra española agua, lo que hace que los mapuche piensen que eran sus enemigos los españoles.,,en, Drake himself was injured twice gaining the scar below his right eye which will accompany him as a memory of the second circumnavigation of the planet for the rest of his life. According to the Golden Hinde’s logbook a member of the crew made the mistake to ask for fresh water using the Spanish word agua (agua) making the Mapuche to think they were their traditional enemies, the Spaniards. Los soldados mapuche nativos ya estaban luchando contra los españoles por más de,,en,y para el pueblo mapuche, los ingleses y los españoles se parecen.,,en,Francis Drake y su tripulación salen de la isla de Mocha por una ensenada en Papudo,,en,al norte de Valparaíso, donde se recuperaron de sus heridas y descansaron con agua y comida de los indios locales de Chango,,en,Felipe,,en,un indio chango civilizado,,en,Un pescador que hablaba español y encontraron allí.,,en 40 años, ya desde 1536, before the English arrived, and for the Mapuche people Englishmen and Spaniards seem alike.

Francis Drake and his crew leave Mocha Island for a shelter cove in Papudo, north of Valparaíso where they recovered from their wounds and rested having water and food from the local Chango Indians. Felipe, a civilized Chango Indian, a fisherman who spoke Spanish and they found there, told them that they just have passed Valparaíso and he could pilot them into the port to seize a Spanish vessel. Por lo tanto, the 5th of December 1578, the tide changed for the Elizabeth’s favoured captain as the Golden Hinde slipped into the bay to seize the only ship anchored there, the crew of eight Spaniards and three negroes took them for friends, salute them with drum beats and make ready a jar of Chilean wine to drink with them. Drake’s men took the ship and only one Spaniard leaped overboard and swam ashore. In this, an audacious manoeuvre, Francis Drake had captured La Capitana, el Captaine of Moriall, or the Great Captaine of the South Islands, Admiral of the Islands of Solomon, under the command of Hernando Lamero y Gallego de Andrade, a celebrated pilot who leaped overboard and swam ashore to give the alarm of the assault of Drake’s men. Hernando Lamero had loaded his vessel with 25.000 pesos of fine gold brought from Valdivia (Baldivia wrote Drake) y 1720 Chilean wine clay jugs (colonial botigas of one arroba [35,5 litros] or botigas de carga for transport of two arrobas [71 litros]). [1]

Además, full of enthusiasm, no se olvidó de saquear durante tres días el pequeño puerto español de Valparaíso en particular la pobre capilla católica,,en,Según el libro de registro de las cuentas Golden Hinde de Francis Drake,,en,John Maynard Keynes rastreó el origen del capital británico y calculó el valor compuesto de este botín,,en, considering the religious animus of the times, adding a few more things made of gold, more wine from local stores, bacon, bread and all sort of supplies. Sin embargo, little booty was found in the town, then inhabited for just nine families which run away to the hills, except for the prize’s cargo and the wine in a warehouse waiting for embarkment that was added to the ship cargo holds totaling 1770 Chilean wine clay jugs and 60.000 pieces of gold. Drake seize the ship and the pilot Juan Griego (John Greek), named like that due to his origin and who will be disembark in Callao, Perú. [2]

El Captaine of Moriall (La Capitana in Spanish reports) wine cargo had been originally destined to supply the mining town of Potosí silver mountain in Alto Peru via the Spanish port of San Marcos de Arica. The gold from La Capitana had been destined to the Spanish Silver Train, a trail used by cargo mule’s trains to transport silver coming mainly from Potosí across the Isthmus of Panama to the port city of Nombre de Jesús in order to load it into the ships’ holds of the Spanish treasure fleet. Francis Drake at the time did not know that some years later he would succeed in capturing the mule train from the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama and later would also find in the area his own death. Probably Francis Drake and his crew were the first Englishmen in tasting the Chilean wines which had been playing such a significant role in the Spanish conquest. There is unknown if this wine sailed along with Drake to arrive to the table of Queen Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen, in the very heart of England, to rival with French wines. In addition to French wines other wines from diverse origin, amongst others from Cyprus, Messina or Porto were used to enhance Elizabethan dinner table. William Shakespeare and many other English writers mention wine from the Canaries, but Shakespeare was insistent on almost all his creations, especially Henry IV (1597), calling it sack y canary. Para el Malvasia wine of the Canary Islands, William Shakespeare used the terms sack y canaries o malmsey canary. To refer to other wines such as Jerez, he used the word sherry coming from the Arab Sherish, the old name of Jerez under the Arab rule. [3]

It is recorded that the wines which would become famous French brands, some short time later, as Haut-Brion, Latour, Margaux and Lafite wines from Bordeaux were there to enhance the offer of the Queen´s Elizabeth I dinner table celebrating her times. They were the times of the Sea Dogs of Elizabeth I, privateers or corsairs, like John Hawkins, Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, which use to carry «Letters of Marque» which made their plundering of Spanish ships legal under English Law. They were the times also of writers and poets and scholars, the times of William Shakespeare, Philip Sydney, Francis Bacon and Christopher Marlowe. Those were the times of England’s golden age, the very beginnings of the British Empire. The times of Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of actors, un «playing company» where Richard Burbage was the main actor and for which William Shakespeare wrote for most of his career, and for whose performance, as secondary actor on the stage, the Queen pleasantly used to go to see at The Theatre (built under advice of John Dee) before the inauguration of Shakespeare’s associated theatre: The Globe. Ciertamente, Francis Drake did not know the Globe but for sure he pays a visit to The Theatre to see one of the famous plays of Shakespeare on the fashion at the times.

According to the logbook of Francis Drake’s Golden Hinde accounts: "To Lima we came the 13 of February; y, being entered the haven, we found there about twelve sail of ships lying fast moored at an anchor, having all their sails carried on shore; for the masters and merchants were here most secure, having never been assaulted by enemies, and at this time feared the approach of none such as we were. Our General rifled these ships, and found in one of them as chest full of reales of plate, and good store of silks and linen cloth; y tomó el cofre en su propia nave,,en,Y buena tienda de las sedas y el lino.,,en,En que nave tuvo noticias de otra nave llamada el cacafuego.,,en,que se fue hacia Payta,,en,y que el mismo barco estaba cargado de tesoros.,,en,Con lo cual no nos quedamos más aquí.,,en,pero,,en,Cortando todos los cables de los barcos en el refugio.,,en,Los dejamos conducir a donde quisieran.,,en,ya sea al mar oa la orilla,,en,Y con toda velocidad seguimos el Cacafuego hacia Payta.,,en,pensando allí haberla encontrado,,en, and good store of the silks and linen. In which ship he had news of another ship called the Cacafuego, which was gone towards Payta, and that the same ship was laden with treasure. Whereupon we stayed no longer here, but, cutting all the cables of the ships in the haven, we let them drive whither they would, either to sea or to the shore; and with all speed we followed the Cacafuego toward Payta, thinking there to have found her. Pero antes de que llegáramos, ella se fue de allí hacia Panamá.,,en,a quien nuestro general todavía persigue,,en,y por cierto se encontró con una corteza cargada de cuerdas y aparejos para barcos,,en,que abordó y buscó,,en,y encontrado en ella,,en,libra,,en,peso del oro,,en,y un crucifijo de oro con grandes esmeraldas puestas en él.,,en,que tomó,,en,Y algunos de los cordeles también para su propia nave.,,en,De ahí partimos,,en,sigue siguiendo el cacafuego,,en; whom our General still pursued, and by the way met with a bark laden with ropes and tackle for ships, which he boarded and searched, and found in her 80 lb. weight of gold, and a crucifix of gold with goodly great emeralds set in it, which he took, and some of the cordage also for his own ship. From hence we departed, still following the Cacafuego; y nuestro general le prometió a nuestra compañía que quienquiera que primero la observara debería tener su cadena de oro para sus buenas noticias.,,en,Fue una suerte que John Drake,,en,subiendo a la cima,,en,La describió como a las tres del reloj.,,en,Y alrededor de las seis del reloj nos acercamos a ella y la abordamos.,,en,y disparó a sus tres piezas de artillería,,en,y sacude a su mizen,,en,siendo introducido,,en,Encontramos en ella grandes riquezas.,,en,como joyas y piedras preciosas,,en,trece cofres llenos de reales de plata,,en,Fourscore libra peso de oro,,en,y seis y veinte toneladas de plata.,,en. It was fortuned that John Drake, going up into the top, described her about three of the clock. And about six of the clock we came to her and boarded her, and shot at her three pieces of ordnance, and strake down her mizen; y, being entered, we found in her great riches, as jewels and precious stones, thirteen chests full of reales of silver, fourscore pound weight of gold, and six-and-twenty ton of silver. El lugar donde tomamos este premio se llamaba Cabo de San Francisco.,,en,ligas,,en,de panama,,en,Se ha registrado que los vinos Haut-Brion y Lafite de Burdeos estaban allí para mejorar la oferta de la mesa Elizabeth I de Queen.,,en,Eran los tiempos de la edad de oro de Inglaterra.,,en,Eran los tiempos de la compañía de actores de los hombres lord Chamberlain.,,en,compañía de juego,,en,donde Richard Burbage fue el actor principal y para el cual William Shakespeare escribió durante la mayor parte de su carrera,,en,y para cuyo desempeño,,en,Como actor secundario en el escenario.,,en, about 150 leagues [south] from Panama".

John Maynard Keynes, a well-known English economist, linked all British foreign investment to the single act of looting of the Spanish Armada. John Maynard Keynes tracked the source of British capital – and computed the compounded value of this loot. – Keynes wrote:

"I trace the beginnings of British foreign investment to the treasure which Drake stole from Spain in 1580. In that year he returned to England bringing with him the prodigious spoils of the Golden Hind. Queen Elizabeth was a considerable shareholder in the syndicate which had financed the expedition. Out of her share she paid off the whole of England’s foreign debt, balanced her Budget, y se encontró con alrededor de £ 40,000 en la mano,,en,Esto lo invirtió en la Compañía Levante, que prosperó.,,en,De los beneficios de la Compañía Levante.,,en,la Compañía de las Indias Orientales fue fundada,,en,y los beneficios de esta gran empresa fueron la base de la inversión extranjera posterior de Inglaterra,,en. This she invested in the Levant Company –which prospered. Out of the profits of the Levant Company, the East India Company was founded; and the profits of this great enterprise were the foundation of England’s subsequent foreign investment. Ahora sucede que las £ 40,000 que se acumulan a un interés compuesto del 3f por ciento aproximadamente corresponden al volumen real de las inversiones extranjeras de Inglaterra en varias fechas y en la actualidad ascenderían al total de £ 4,000,000,000 que ya he citado como lo que son nuestras inversiones extranjeras,,en,cada £ 1 que Drake trajo a casa en,,en,ahora se ha convertido en £ 100.000,,en,Tal es el poder del interés compuesto.,,en,La capitana en reportajes españoles,,en,El precio del vino se mantuvo entre,,en. Así, every £1 which Drake brought home in 1580 has now become £100,000. Such is the power of compound interest!"

Por 1594, 100 thousand arrobas a year, equivalent to 1.6 million liters of wine, were produced in the Kingdom of Chile. Throughout the colonial period, the price of wine remained between 19 y 22 reales per arroba – equivalent to 16.13 litros -, and there were only sporadic increases, as a result of the bad harvests or the advance of the Arauco war that affected production in the south of the territory. Even though wine production was primarily destined for domestic consumption, part of it was exported to neighboring countries. The emergence of growing wine industries in México, Perú, Chile y Argentina fueron una amenaza para los ingresos de la corona española.,,en,Proteger el comercio del vino español.,,en,Cuando Francis Drake asaltó Valparaiso, los contenedores para almacenar y transportar vinos fueron principalmente tres.,,en,Las tinajas hechas de arcilla y con una capacidad de más de,,en,Litros utilizados para la vinificación y almacenaje.,,en,the tienda of one arroba,,ca,Medida de español equivalente a,,en,and the tiendas de carga,,ca,Una jarra de vino de arcilla diseñada para el transporte y con una capacidad de dos arrobas equivalente a,,en, with Philip III and succeeding monarchs issuing decrees and declarations ordering the uprooting of New World vineyards and halting the production of wine by the colonies. En Chile, these orders were largely ignored; but in Argentina, they served to stunt growth and development until independence was gained from Spanish rule. En 1794, King Carlos IV, to protect the Spanish wine trade, issued a royal order prohibiting the export of Chilean wines to Nueva España (México) and Nueva Granada (Colombia and Venezuela).

[1] When Francis Drake assault Valparaiso the containers to storage and transport wines were mainly three: el tinajas made from clay and with a capacity of more than 400 litres used for winemaking and storage, el botiga of one arroba (Spanish old measure equivalent to 35,5 litros) y el botigas de carga (a clay wine jug designed for transport and with a capacity of two arrobas equivalent to 71 litros).

[2] El número de jarras de barro de vino chileno y de oro varía según el autor.,,en,Porque el libro de registro de Drake estaba oculto por la reina Isabel I,,en,quien se apropió de la mayor parte de las ganancias del viaje,,en,La propia revista de Drake.,,en,Con su narrativa y sus pinturas.,,en,Fue inmediatamente colocado por él en manos de la reina.,,en,Quien parece haberlo perdido irremediablemente.,,en. Because the Drake’s logbook was hidden by the Queen Elizabeth I, who appropriated the lion’s share of the proceeds of the voyage. Drake’s own journal, with its narrative and paintings, was immediately placed by him in the hands of the Queen, who seems to have lost it irretrievably. Se le pidió a Drake que guardara silencio sobre su viaje debido al peligro diplomático si se admitía su intrusión armada en los dominios del rey Felipe,,en,Juró a sus hombres guardar el secreto.,,en,El único medio por el cual podían esperar mantener su botín.,,en,La fecha tardía en la que cualquier confiable,,en,y mucho menos detallado,,en,La información sobre la circunnavegación de Drake se hizo pública, refleja la escasez temprana de información,,en,de la que incluso los geógrafos profesionales sufrieron,,en,Cuando Fernando de Magallanes prepara su flota en Sevilla.,,en. He swore his men to secrecy–the only means by which they could hope to keep their booty. The late date at which any reliable, let alone detailed, account of Drake’s circumnavigation became public reflects the early dearth of information, from which even professional geographers suffered.

[3] When Ferdinand of Magellan prepare his fleet in Seville, España, para iniciar la circunnavegación en,,en,conociendo la obligación de cumplir con el hábito naval o,,en,acuerdo colectivo,,en,de la gente de mar entonces,,en,para soportar la dura vida a bordo,,en,tenía derecho a,,en,media azumbre al dia,,en,de vino,,en,un litro,,en,que tuvieron que llevar distribuidos en,,en,no de repente,,en,Magallanes ordenaron comprar "para mantener los espíritus de la tripulación".,,en,Lo mejor de los mejores vinos de Xerez.,,en,originalmente bajo el nombre árabe de "Sherish" como se conocía en Inglaterra desde el siglo XII,,en,que luego se convierte en jerez,,en 1519, knowing the obligation to fulfil the naval habit or «collective agreement» of the seafarers then, «to endure the hard life on board«, had the right to «half azumbre a day» of wine (one liter), which they had to take distributed in «four quarts» throughout the day, not suddenly. Magellan ordered to bought “to maintain the spirits of the crew, the best of the best wines in Xerez (originally under the Arab name of “Sherish” as it was known in England since the XII century, which later became sherry), y no menos de cuatrocientos diecisiete odres y doscientos cincuenta y tres barriles.,,en,Lo que debería garantizar durante dos años la bebida a los marineros.,,en,mesa,,en,Stefan Zweig,,de,Magallanes,,en,Ed,,en,Juventud,,es,p.93,,en, which should ensure for two years the drink on the sailors’ table«. Stefan Zweig, Magallanes, Ed. Juventud, Barcelona, 1990, p.93.