Vinodata

Histoire des Vins du Chili

Histoire des Vins du Chili

Ramón A. Rada M.

Le Chili est un pays privilégié pour la production de raisins de qualité exceptionnelle, ce qui pourrait éventuellement conduire à la culture des vins d'excellence ainsi. C'est climatiques exceptionnelles, conditions agricoles et phytosanitaires, qui favorisent également la plupart des autres produits agricoles du pays, sont un don et une bénédiction de la nature. Exposition à la lumière et le soleil au Chili se comparent favorablement à ceux d'autres régions de cultures fruitières du monde. Les conditions de rayonnement solaire,,en,les douces brises nocturnes soufflent de la cordillère des Andes à l'est en direction de l'océan Pacifique à l'ouest,,en,des chevaux et quelques centaines de cadavres d'Indiens auxiliaires ont été abandonnés dans le paysage froid et stérile de la traversée de la Cordillère des Andes,,en,Après la douloureuse marche, la colonne expéditionnaire arrive à Copayapu,,en,mais pas avant de perdre aux mains des Indiens de la région trois autres de ses soldats dans un lieu où se trouve aujourd'hui Los Vilos,,en,Les conditions de rayonnement solaire,,en, à la fois quantitative et qualitative, ont été démontrés par de nombreuses études, amongst them those which resulted in the establishment in the country of multinational astronomical observatories, en raison de ses conditions uniques, especially to the number of clear days within a year and a clean and dry atmosphere. Ces conditions de lumière favorisent la photosynthèse des plantes plus efficacement que dans d'autres zones de production agricole, which provides a clear advantage for the production of quality grapes for winegrowing. Cela facilite le développement d'éléments qui sont bénéfiques pour la santé humaine dans des proportions notables. As for instance, une étude de l'Université de Glasgow,,en,Bartholomeus Blumenthal,,en,l'un des deux premiers Allemands,,en,atteindre le Chili avec Valdivia,,en,UN D. Les Espagnols qui viennent d'arriver ont immédiatement accéléré l'extraction de l'argent, augmentant la population à proximité de la mine,,en,L’expédition était organisée dans le but de trouver le moyen de surmonter les restrictions imposées par la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales au commerce des îles Spice.,,en,société qui détenait le monopole de la route autour du cap de Bonne-Espérance,,en (Royaume-Uni, 2001) démontré et conduire à des médecins britanniques prescrire certains vins chiliens pour contrer certains problèmes cardio-vasculaires.

Par ailleurs, the mild night-time breezes blow from the Andean Mountain Range in the East towards the Pacific Ocean to the West, tandis que pendant la journée, ils soufflent de l'océan vers les Andes, leur chemin jusqu'à des ruisseaux et des rivières et rafraîchissement des champs. Il en résulte un changement bénéfique des températures de la nuit au jour, et une gamme thermique optimale, avec des températures élevées pendant la journée et la nuit les faibles. De cette, raisins développent une plus forte concentration de saveurs et d'arômes que celles produites dans les zones avec une gamme thermique moindre. domaines viticoles situés dans les pentes des Andes, où les températures nocturnes ont tendance à être plus faible en raison de leur proximité à l'origine du vent froid, peut avoir une gamme thermique supérieure, supérieure à 20 ° C (36°F). Donc, la diversité des climats et l'énorme réserve d'eau non polluée ressort de la cordillère des Andes, ainsi que l'ensemble de l'écosystème, favoriser la culture de la réussite Vitis Vitis, and make this country a paradise for winegrowing and the production of fine wines.

Conquérants, Missionnaires et le vin

In Christopher Columbus initial navigation trip, at the service of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand of Castile and Aragon, he departed with the caravels La Pinta et La Niña and the nao Santa María on August 3, 1492 from the fluvial port of Palos de la Frontera. The little fleet took course due south along the west coast of Africa to firstly touch port in the bay of San Sebastián de la Gomera, considered the best protected bay of all the Canary Islands, for repairs and supply, mainly of fresh water, and from there he would take advantage of the trade winds on his journey to what would be later called America. When Columbus sailed from the island of La Gomera, on September 6, he had stored in the ships cellars wines from the Condado de Huelva (Guadalquivir), from the port where he had originally sailed, possibly fortified wine as those of Jerez de la Frontera, and also from Ribadavia of the Ribeiro région (Galicia), all of them very appreciated wines then, which had been loaded a month before sailing from Palos de la Frontera. Wine was then a mandatory passenger in the navigation trips, especially in those of long distance. Columbus embarked wines for the sustenance of the crew that according to the custom of the time they had to drink “to support the hard life on board“, “half azumbre of wine a day” (a litre), which had to be distributed in “four quarts” throughout the day, and not all at once. It will not be until his second trip, also departing from La Gomera island, that he will ship vine cuttings to produce wine along with several other plant’s cuttings, such as olive tree, orange and lemon trees, sugar cane cuttings, wheat and barley seeds with the intention of recreate their way of life in the new continent. Ainsi,, le Vitis Vitis (vines producing grapes used to produce wines) arrived in America in November 1493 on the island of Santo Domingo, “a few shoots” (unos poquitos sarmientos) according to the writings of Columbus himself.

Before the Columbus discovery trip and following the plans of Enrique el Navegante, King of Portugal, the Portuguese navigators occupied the Azores archipelago, the islands of the Atlantic in front of Portugal, à 1419, as an outpost for navigation taking advantage of the direction of the winds. The volcanic soil and the climate of the island of Madeira lent itself ideally to produce wine, so with the installation of the stately structure the cultivation of the vine began. The first strains, came from Greece, from the island of Crete, by order of Enrique El Navegante himself and throughout the fifteenth century the four most common strains were also planted to produce the famous wine of the island: Sercial, Boal, Verdejo et Malvasia, later, le Tinta Negra Mole was introduced, completing the five main strains of the current Madeira wine. The need to supply the ships that sailed initially bordered the coast of Africa in their way to drove them to India and after that across the Atlantic to the New World would strengthen the positions of the Portuguese in the Madeira Islands, which they named and occupied in 1420, as well as in the Azores archipelago and the Canary Islands, although in the latter they will enter in conflict with the Kingdom of Castile, until by the Treaty of Alcaçovas, the Canarian archipelago would remain in Castilian hands with the condition that the lands discovered to the south of Africa would be for Portugal. The Norman Conquest of the Canary Islands was developed between 1402 et 1496 par Jean de Bethencourt et Gadifer de la Salle under first the auspices of King Henry III of Castile and then by Isabel I of Castile affecting the islands of Lanzarote, El Hierro et Fuerteventura. Upon their arrival, the conquistadors encountered a population in the Bronze Age. The Norman Conquest was followed by the Castilian Conquest, in which Castilian nobles appropriated the first conquered islands and incorporated the island of La Gomera autour 1450. The vine, specifically the Listán Prieto variety also known as Palomino negra, which was a varietal old widely cultivated in Castile was introduced in the Canary Islands as well as the Muscatel of Alexandria, who arrived first at Lanzarote et Fuerteventura, entre 1402 et 1412 then to La Gomera entre 1450 et 1477 and then at the end of the conquest in 1496 at the last island to be conquered, Tenerife. The first vineyard of Tenerife was planted by the Portuguese Fernando de Castro, in the year 1497 et enfin John Hill, an Englishman, planted the first vineyard on El Hierro Island in 1526. Ainsi,, from the begining the Canary Islands were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile, and since there the vines of the varieties Listán Prieto et Muscatel of Alexandria would begin the crossing of the Atlantic with the trade winds to accompany the conquest of their Castilian kingdom in America.

Winegrowing in America began with the Spanish Conquest, porter le sceau missionnaire prononcée, »by the Cross and the Sword», but not only for the needs of the priests at the Catholic mass and the intention to prestige their crusade to convert the unbelievers, they were introduced also and mainly because of the replication of the conquistadors way of life and for the initiation of new businesses as well as for sustenance, medical and health reasons, not to mention the growing demand of the Spanish Army due to permanent war of conquest as well as the slave and indigenous labour in the gold and silver mines particularly in Potosí (Alto Peru) and Zacatecas (Mexique) they knew that wine it is also a food which came along with other crops as wheat and olive trees, completing in this way the Mediterranean trilogy: bread, olive oil and wine. Tout indique que, avant l'arrivée de Christophe Colomb en Amérique en Octobre 12, 1492; le Vitis Vitis n'existait pas dans le Continent américain. It is known with certitude that the introduction of vines was due to grapevine shoots from the Canary Islands, qui a donné naissance aux premiers vignobles. The first vine stocks brought from those islands were of red grapes vine cuttings of Listán prieto variety called today ‘Noir péruvien’ in Peru, »País’ au Chili, ‘Criolla’ en Argentine, and ‘Mission’ in Mexico and in California. Ces Vitis Vitis vine cuttings, cependant, although reproduced in the Caribbean islands, they did not prosper there, en raison de l'extrême manque d'adaptabilité des ceps de vigne à climat tropical, excessive sun, lack of thermal amplitude, abundant fertile soil and excessive natural watering although they would in Mexico, associated with the social and economic system imposed by the Spanish conquest: le “encomienda“.

Their first Vitis Vitis winegrowing successes date back to the year 1524 in Mexico’s cooler and higher lands of over 2000 m.a.s.l. Hernán Cortés who had ran aground his ships on the coast of Mexico in 1519, starting the fight for the land and after conquering Tenochtitlán in August 1521, the conquistadors found wild vines in the soil of Nueva España (Mexique) as Vitis rupestris, Vitis labrusca et Vitis berlandieri. Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano was the main promoter of vine cultivation, ordered to bring from the island of Cuba Vitis Vitis les plantes,,en,être New Spain,,es,premier site américain continental à cultiver des vignes et à produire des vins de consommation,,en,Hernán Cortés a publié un décret ordonnant aux Espagnols,,en,encomenderos,,en,Seigneurs espagnols du pays avec un certain nombre de natifs désignés par décret royal,,en,planter chaque année un millier de vignes indigènes et espagnoles pour chaque centaine d'indigènes à leur service afin de réaliser une hybridation rapide dans les nouvelles terres avec des vignes indigènes,,en, being Nueva España (Mexique) the first continental America site to successfully grow vineyards to produce wines. En mars 20, 1524, Hernán Cortés issued a decree ordering the Spanish encomenderos (Spanish lords of the land with a number of natives assigned by royal decree, an encomienda) to plant annually a thousand native and Spanish vines for every hundred indigenous people at their service to achieve a rapid hybridization in the new lands with native vines (Vitis rupestris, Vitis labrusca et Vitis berlandieri) found in Mexico. The first vines were planted in Huejotzingo and around Mexico City. En fait, a few decades later in 1568, Fray Pedro de Espinareda et Francisco Cano explored the area of Patos et l' Valle del Pirineo, également appelé Valle de Parras. La tradition a commencé quand les conquistadors espagnols sont partis,,en,Zacatecas,,en,pour ce qui est maintenant,,en,Coahuila,,en,à la recherche d'or,,en,arrivé dans le,,en,La tradition a commencé quand les conquistadors espagnols sont partis,,en,Zacatecas,,en,pour ce qui est maintenant,,en,Coahuila,,en,à la recherche d'or,,en,arrivé dans le,,en Zacatecas for what is now Coahuila in search of gold, et, in the middle of the desert, they did not found gold, but an oasis with springs of water and a great profusion of wild vines. En 1594 the Jesuits Jerónimo Ramírez, Francisco de Arista et Juan Agustín de Espinosa arrived in the Valle de Parras, motivated by the discovery of wild springs and vines to establish the Mission of Santa María de las Parras et, with the grapes from these native vineyards, they produced the first wine of the region which have been produced since then. En 1597, the governor of Nueva Vizcaya, Diego Fernández de Velasco, delivers the mercy authorized by King Felipe II dated August 19, 1597, with the express purpose of planting vines to produce wine and brandy thus giving formal birth to the Hacienda de San Lorenzo, founded by Lorenzo García in the town of Santa María de las Parras today known as Casa Madero, the oldest winery in America.

Southwest of Mexico, assez loin de la capitale,,en,un territoire sous la règle de,,en,trois des premiers navires construits sur la côte pacifique,,en,Ce fut le début de la fin de l'amitié entre,,en,Cortés,,es,ignoré,,en,que la flotte était complète. Début janvier,,en,Pedro de Alvarado,,es,reçu le vrai permis de prendre la mer et l'expédition est partie le janvier,,en,de cette année,,en,en tant que pilote,,en,une fois prêt à naviguer,,en,assez loin de la capitale,,en,un territoire sous la règle de,,en,trois des premiers navires construits sur la côte pacifique,,en, Pedro de Alvarado following the will of the ruler of New Spain, order to build three ships, à 1527, à Iztapa, at the mouth of the Michatoya River on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, a territory under the rule of Hernán Cortés, the naos La Florida, le Espíritu Santo et l' Santiago, three of the first ships built in the Pacific coast, designated for the Moluccas islands first expedition led by a cousin of Hernán Cortés, Álvaro de Saavedra y Cerón, who transfer the small fleet from Iztapa to the Mexican bay of Zihuatanejo, in the state of Guerrero, from where he sailed from on October 31, 1527. Soon after, on the 18th of December 1527, the king of Spain named Pedro de Alvarado as governor of Guatemala and two days later he granted him the coveted military title of Adelantado. This was the beginning of the end of the friendship amongst Alvarado et Cortés. En 1528, by coincidence both were in Seville at the same time, but Cortés ignored Alvarado. (García Añoveros 1987, p. 247).

Upon returning from Castile, Pedro de Alvarado, as governor of Guatemala and Adelantado, by the Emperor Charles V, and subscribing a capitulation offering to try discoveries towards the west of New Spain (Mexique), in places not occupied or granted. Puis, he commissioned Sebastián de Belalcázar et Juan Fernández à Nicaragua to build a squadron of eight ships to explore the South Sea and reach the Moluccas islands. Donc, a shipyard only fifteen leagues distant from the recently founded capital city of Guatemala, Santiago de los Caballeros was founded in the bay of Iztapa. In a short time (1531), carpenters, caulkers and master craftsmen were sent, and supplying the time with expenses he launched into the water a 300-ton galleon named San Cristóbal; two naos the Santa Clara de 170 tons and the Buenaventura de 150 tons, another that made in the Gulf of Chirá, also of 150 tons, une caravelle de,,en,ton patache et,,en,caravelles plus moyennes,,en,huit navires équipés avec soin,,en,une fois qu'il était prêt à naviguer,,en,il a trouvé plus opportun et rentable de les emmener au Pérou,,en,de la richesse desquels ils sont tous devenus des langues,,en,le veto Audiencia ignorant les exigences à leur encontre,,en,Il a prétendu qu'il fallait aller au secours du gouverneur Francisco Pizarro,,en,un parent de Hernán Cortés,,es,bien qu'il n'ait pas été invité à le faire,,en,la volonté du peuple,,en,qui voulait vraiment voir les collines des Andes,,en,Ayant embarqué,,en,les chevaux,,en 80 tons; une 50 ton patache et 2 more medium-sized caravels, le San Pedro et l' Santiaguillo. En résumé, eight ships that equipped with care. Alvarado could have participated to Charles V, in the first of September of 1532 that the fleet was complete. At the beginning of January of 1534, Pedro de Alvarado received the real permit to take to the sea and the expedition departed on January 23 of that year, avec Juan Fernández as pilot. Cependant, once ready to sail, he found it more expedient and profitable to take them to Peru, from whose wealth they all became tongues, le Audiencia‘s veto disregarding the requirements against them. He pretended the need to go to the aid of Governor Francisco Pizarro, a relative of Hernán Cortés, although he had not been asked to do so, the will of the people, who really wanted to see the hills of the Andes. Having embarked 500 men, 130 horses, he left towards Peru, stirring with its presence that much more than it was amongst the conquistadors in the struggle for the inca empire. Upon arriving in Quito, on August 1534, in his way to Peru, Diego de Almagro’s proposals convinced him to sell six out of the eight ships of his fleet, including the galleon and the naos, men and supplies, to whom he left the field cleared by 120,000 gold pesos in compensation for the expenses incurred. In this way the maritime transport on the coast of the South Pacific was assured to complete the conquest of Peru and then that of Chile.

These would be the ships that would make possible to transport all kind of goods and all sort of plants including vine shoots, olive tree and lemon and orange tree shoots and wheat seeds as well as animals not only to complete the conquest of Peru initiated by Francisco Pizarro in 1532, but also the supply of the south American coast of the Pacific mainly from Panama, including the support of the conquest of Chile. At the end of the 1530s, in Lima, bread was already produced, but wine was still imported, and it was urgent to test the cultivation of the vines, which was resolved by Hernando de Montenegro who planted the first vines in Peru between 1539 et 1541. According to the findings of the Peruvian historian Guillermo Toro-Lira on testimonies on the foundation of Lima in the Provincial Historical Archive of Valladolid and in the General Archive of the Indies in Seville, Nicolás de Ribera, who was the first mayor of Lima in 1535, “Hernando de Montenegro was the first person to plant a vineyard in this city where the whole kingdom has been ‘swollen’ (expanded to its limits) and that he has planted many plants of the kingdom of Castile.” Likewise, Alonso Martín de Don Benito, also a mayor of Lima in 1551, pointed out that “Hernando de Montenegro was the first to start putting a vineyard in this city (Lima) and planted it and from his house and vineyard this city has been provided, such as Huamanga, Arequipa, Cusco and Chile.” Thus Lima, the capital of Peru, was the cradle of the first wine and the first vineyard in South America, planted between 1539 et 1541 by the Spanish captain Hernando de Montenegro, with the help of the natives who were the only obliged hand labour available and with local agricultural experience, les plantations ont été consolidées et après quelques années de culture,,en,la vigne a grandi,,en,Le Monténégro a planté le vignoble au cours de cette période et a ensuite distribué des pousses de vigne à d'autres personnes à Lima,,en,y compris au moins sept autres vignobles,,en,et parmi eux pour le verger solaire Pizarro,,en,à qui il a également donné d'autres plantes de Castille,,en,Au début, la vigne portait peu de fruits comme,,en,Bernabé Cobo et Peralta,,es,un missionnaire et écrivain jésuite espagnol,,en,enregistré dans son,,en,Histoire de la fondation de Lima,,es, the vineyard grew “Montenegro planted the vineyard during that period and then distributed vine shoots to other people in Lima, including at least seven more vineyards” and among them for the Pizarro manor orchard, to whom he also gave some other plants of Castile. At the beginning the vineyard bore little fruit as Bernabé Cobo y Peralta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer, recorded in his Historia de la Fundación de Lima “que la première année, il a pris une abondance de raisins à vendre était celle de 1551,,en,Rodrigo Niño,,es,être l'exécuteur testamentaire en ½,,en,le poids,,es,or une livre de raisins,,en,vous marvedíes,,eo,un prix dérisoire qui a forcé,,en,se plaindre à la cour royale,,en″ et Rodrigo Niño being the executor who priced it in ½ peso gold a pound of grapes, équivalent à 220 maravedíes, a paltry price that forced Hernando de Montenegro to complain to the Royal Court.

After the conquest of Peru by Francisco Pizarro, his partner Diego de Almagro began an exploration voyage to Chile in 1535. In the hazardous journey of the expedition, 10 Spaniards, 50 horses and a few hundred auxiliary Indians corpses were abandoned in the cold and barren landscape of the crossing of the Andes Mountain Range. After the painful march the expeditionary column arrive to Copayapu (Copiapó) and then continued south towards the Aconcagua Valley, but not before losing at the hands of the local Indians another three of his soldiers in a place where today is Los Vilos. Almagro took such a revenge, against the local Indian chiefs, so brutal that it would affect the Spaniards decades later. The territory that Almagro hoped to find full of riches did not meet his expectations and caused him great disappointment, he decided then to send 70 riders and 20 infantry under Gómez de Alvarado to explore the southern part of the territory, the column reached the confluence of the Ñuble and Itata rivers, Gomez de Alvarado and his men confronted the Mapuche for the first time, in Reinohuelén. Là, a few decades later, the first Spanish settlers would plant vines that, abandoned to nature, adapted with such an excellence to the territory that gave rise to specific phenotypes that have made the Itata Valley famous. Gómez de Alvarado and his men decided to return to the north avoiding a new confrontation with the Mapuches. Before only difficulties, Diego de Almagro with discouragement and painful impression of the territory decided to return to Peru without leaving record of any kind of intention of settlement.

In spite of the fame that Chile had acquired at the time as a result of the failed expedition of Diego de Almagro, of being a miserable and hostile land, with a very cold climate and without wealth, Pedro de Valdivia thought that the much discredited lands of the south had a great agricultural potential and constituted an opportunity to “Leave fame and memory of me” and not without difficulties and few resources he decided to restart the conquest of Chile. Time would show that his intuition was rightly correct, not only would it prove that the letter he would later write to the then Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V, in which he described Chile’s agroclimatic conditions would be endorsed by time, Chile was not only, what Valdivia did not knew then, one of the five Mediterranean climates existing on the planet, but also the one that enjoyed the best solar radiation conditions available to produce the best fruit of several species in a great variety of microclimates. After his departure from Cuzco, several soldiers joined him in the south, in Tarapacá, among them Rodrigo de Araya with sixteen soldiers; aussi, Rodrigo de Quiroga, Pedro de Cisternas, Juan Bohón [Johann von Bohon], Juan Jufré de Loaiza and Montesa, Jerónimo de Alderete y Mercado, Juan Fernández de Alderete, the religious Rodrigo González de Marmolejo of the order of the Dominicans, Santiago de Azócar Zumeta et Francisco de Villagra Velásquez. Pedro de Valdivia arrived in Chile with a Spanish woman [Inés de Suarez] et 141 soldats, he brought black slaves himself, et Bartolomé Flores [Bartholomew Blumenthal], like Francisco de Aguirre, Jerónimo de Alderete and Mercado, Pedro Gómez de don Benito, Gonzalo de los Ríos, Juan Negrete, Pedro and Francisco de Villagra. En 1541, Pedro de Valdivia was 44 years old and Francisco de Aguirre, his man of trust, aged 41, while Inés de Suarez, widow and heiress of a Spanish soldier, was 34 ans, who invested in the Valdivia venture. On an Inca settlement, Pedro de Valdivia founded Santiago del Nuevo Extremo, in the west of Cerro Huelén, today Santa Lucía. The layout of the city was made by Pedro de Gamboa in the form of checkerboard, dividing into blocks the land within the fluvial island, which were distributed at the same time in four lots for the first neighbours. Once the city was founded, Valdivia assigns to his hosts the newly conquered lands, assigning himself those of Huechuraba, which corresponds to Conchalí et Punta de Renca, on the north side of the river, to the hill of Huechuraba (today Cerro Blanco), delimited by the west with the Camino de Chile (Inca Road) and by the East with the Tierras del Salto which were assigned to Rodrigo de Araya. The limits of the city to the north were the canal of Huechuraba or Flores, où l' Tierras del Salto started and in the east the sierra on Cerro San Cristóbal.

To ensure the supply of his expedition and to support the new colony Valdivia had agreed with Giovanni Battista Pastene to take that task in addition to the King Charles V order to explore the south of Chile, given to the Viceroy of Peru who transferred that order to Pastene, à 1543, for which he was awarded the title of General de la Mar del Sur. Thus the General of the South Sea, as the Spaniards called the Pacific Ocean, was by the will of Charles V, the Genoese Giovanni Battista Pastene who had previously arrived on his own ship to Honduras in 1526 et en 1536 he put himself at the service of Francisco Pizarro to support the conquest of Peru, in which he participated actively and almost lost his life. Rewarded for his services he acquired on that occasion and in partnership with Baltasar Diaz, the ship La Concepción performing on board as Master (Merchant Captain) and Pilot, trading between Peru and Panama. Later he put himself to the service of the expedition of Diego de Almagro to Chile with the ships San Pedro et Santiaguillo, all built in the shipyards of Iztapa, par Pedro de Alvarado on the west coast of Guatemala in 1531 and acquired by Diego de Almagro for the purpose mentioned. Appointed as his lieutenant was the maritime logistic support of Pedro de Valdivia with the indicated ships. Probably the transport of the vines shoots reproduced by Hernando de Montenegro in Lima, Pérou, and sent first to Rodrigo de Araya (Basque of origin of Arraia-Maeztu, Álava, although born in Casar de Palomero, Cáceres, à Extremadura), Inés de Suarez and others including Francisco de Aguirre and his son-in-law Juan Jufré de Loaiza y Montesa was made on the first trips of the ships in support of the Valdivia expedition, especially taking into account that it was the safest way to transport all kinds of plants and animals from Spain to the new territories and the predominantly agricultural vision of Valdivia on its new destination. En plus, the Emperor Charles V’s order to the Casa de Contratación de Sevilla à 1531 must be taken into account in order to indicate “que, from now on, all the masters who go to our Indies, who each carry on their ship the amount that they seem to them of plants of vineyard and olive trees so that none pass without carrying some amount“.

On September 11, 1541, natives from Aconcagua, Santiago, and Cachapoal united under the single command of toqui Michimalonco attacked and burned the recently founded city of Santiago. The city was reduced to ruins and although reconstruction work began, the situation was quite difficult, since there was also a lack of food and provisions. In December of 1541, Pedro de Valdivia sent Alonso Monroy et Pedro de Miranda i Bidela to Peru accompanied by four men, in search of reinforcements and supplies. The relief arrived two years later, in the ship Santiaguillo. It had been chartered in Peru by the wealthy merchant Lucas Martínez Vegaso, frère de,,en,un ami de,,en,des armes et des fournitures dont il avait besoin pour récupérer la vie de la colonie naissante. Il est venu sous le capitaine,,en,les systèmes d'exploitation humaine constituaient en vertu d'un concept socialement acceptable,,en,devait prendre soin de convertir les Indiens au christianisme et de veiller au salut de leurs âmes,,en,Si les Indiens refusent d'accepter le,,en,comme leur nouvelle religion,,en,ils seraient soumis par le,,en,ils ont été enchaînés pour ne pas s'échapper,,en Francisco, a friend of Pedro de Valdivia, dispatching items of clothing, weapons and supplies that he needed to recover the life of the nascent colony. It came under Captain Diego García de Villalón, cast anchor in the bay of Valparaiso in September 1543. En plus, brought the first shipment of wine, a chronicler said: “Such had been the shortage that had not been said for four months for lack of wine.” In December of the same year (1543) enter Santiago, Alonso de Monroy et Pedro de Miranda i Bidela back with 70 riders who had recruited in Peru, and have been back by land from Arequipa. There is not a record about if they carried or not additional goods such as vine or olive tree cuttings, or others likewise in their cargo.

The landfall of the ship Santiaguillo in the bay of Quintil, Valparaíso today, in September 1543 is a firm candidate to be assigned as the time of arrival in Chile of the first vines, taking into account that Hernando de Montenegro planted the first vines in Lima between 1539 et 1541, so he was able to reproduce cuttings of vines to be sent to Chile in 1542 ou 1543. En outre, the supply of vine shoots from the Canary Islands through Panama was probably relatively stable following the Emperor orders. In June of 1544, Giovanni Battista Pastene then better known as Juan Bautista Pastene by the castellanization of his name, arrived at the port of Valparaíso in his own ship San Pedro, sent by the governor Cristóbal Vaca de Castro with the purpose of coordinating with Pedro de Valdivia the exploration of the coast to the Strait of Magellan in order to follow the Emperor Charles V’s order. Within a year of the arrival of the Santiaguillo à 1543, Pastene arrived, également avec des fournitures de toutes sortes pour la colonie naissante et pour préparer son voyage dans le sud,,en,également avec des fournitures de toutes sortes pour la colonie naissante et pour préparer son voyage dans le sud,,en,Il a été constaté que les vins provenant de parcelles cultivées à l’époque romaine, telles que celles du Haut-Brion,,en,Margaux et Lafite parmi d'autres vins de Bordeaux,,en,en dépit d'être marqué la plupart d'entre eux plus tard,,en,étaient en Angleterre depuis l'époque de Leonor d'Aquitaine,,en,pour améliorer l'offre de la table royale,,en, which would begin in September. It is not possible to rule out that within the cargo coming from Peru had have come both wine for consumption and vine cuttings to plant vineyards.

During the first years of the colony, in almost all the lots of Santiago and the surrounding farms, there were grape vineyards and wine was produced for personal consumption. Given the vision of the agricultural potential that Pedro de Valdivia saw in Chile, his expedition records having had seeds and animals, cependant, given the limited resources with which the expedition was organized, sa quantité n'était probablement pas abondante,,en,bien qu'il n'y ait aucun disque à cette occasion des vignes,,en,Tout indique que les premières vignes sont arrivées au Chili dans les faibles quantités transportées par les conquérants eux-mêmes qui avaient pu les obtenir des Canaries par le Panama,,en,si les ordres du roi de,,en,ont été remplies,,en,à la Casa de Contratación de Seville que chaque navire venant d'Espagne devrait avoir des boutures de vigne pour le vin et les oliviers,,en,ou ceux produits pour la première fois au Pérou,,en, although there is no record on this occasion of vines. Everything indicates that the first vines arrived in Chile in the small quantities carried by the conquerors themselves who had been able to obtain them from the Canary Islands through Panama, if the King’s orders of 1531 were fulfilled, to the Casa de Contratación de Sevilla that each ship that sailed from Spain should have cuttings of vines for wine and olive trees, or those first produced in Peru, insuffisant pour développer des projets majeurs,,en,Seul le système encomienda,,en,utilisant une main-d'œuvre indigène supplémentaire à celle des quelques esclaves noirs et des yanaconas,,en,serfs indigènes,,en,que les conquérants avaient apporté,,en,permettrait le développement de vastes plantations,,en,parmi lesquels les premiers étaient le maïs et le blé et ensuite les vignobles pour la production de vins,,en,Les dossiers suggèrent que les vignes ont commencé à arriver au Chili depuis,,en,en quantités qui ont permis aux vignobles d'être plantés et envoyés du Pérou par,,en. Only the encomienda system, using indigenous labor additional to that of the few black slaves and the yanaconas (indigenous servants) that the conquerors had brought along from Peru, would allow the development of extensive plantations, among which the first were corn and wheat and then the vineyards for the production of wines. The records suggest that the vines began arriving in Chile from 1543 ou 1544 in quantities that allowed vineyards to be planted and sent by Hernando de Montenegro qui avait déjà établi la pépinière qui les a produites à Lima,,en,distribué les Indiens disponibles dans la région conquise parmi soixante encomenderos,,en,il a inauguré le système d'encomiendas au Chili,,en,mais compte tenu de la dotation rare de certains de ces encomiendas,,en,il a déterminé,,en,en juillet,,en,une nouvelle distribution,,en,Dans la première distribution d’encomiendas en,,en,il envisagea,,en,Pedro de Miranda et Bidela,,pt,Juan Jofré de Loaíza y Montesa,,es.

The city initially called Villanueva de la Serena was founded by order of Pedro de Valdivia trois ans après avoir fondé,,en,Santiago del Nuevo Extremo,,es,et c'est de là que,,en,à côté de,,en,ainsi reçu du roi d'Espagne le domaine de la vallée d'Elqui et des terres au-delà,,en,et ont été de retour par voie terrestre de Arequipa,,en,Il n’existe aucun dossier indiquant s’ils transportaient ou non des biens supplémentaires tels que des boutures de vigne ou d’oliviers,,en,ou d'autres également le genre dans leur cargaison,,en,En juin 1544,,,en,alors mieux connu sous le nom,,en,Juan Pastene Baptist,,co,par la castellanisation de son nom,,en,arrivé au port de Valparaíso dans son propre navire San Pedro,,en Santiago del Nuevo Extremo and it was from there that Pedro de Valdivia sent Juan Bohon [Johann von Bohon] avec 30 horsemen towards the north, in September of 1544, to found a city between Santiago and the Copiapó Valley and thus defend this road considered vital for the supply from Peru and complementary link to the sea travels.

The historical sequence of events during the conquest of Chile slowly released energies from the settlers for the planting of the main plant species so that Mediterranean cereal, vegetable and fruit crops such as citrus, wheat, olives and vines were converted in the main concern of the conquerors and preferential business along with the search for precious and semiprecious metals, gold, silver and copper. In this way it can be estimated that several plants were first planted, including vines in the vicinity of Santiago and then north and south. According to the Chilean Wine Foundation Act of the General Archive of the Indies, created by Carlos III in 1785 and discovered by José Toribio Medina, the first to plant vines in Chile was Rodrigo de Araya who put a vineyard in his farm in El Salto, which he received as a “merced de tierra” on October 10, 1545 and he also built the first mill in Chile, à 1548, on the southeast slope of Cerro Huelén, maintenant Santa Lucía, next to Bartolomé Flores (Bartholomeus Blumenthal, one of the first two Germans, along with Johann von Bohon, to reach Chile with Valdivia) who erected the second mill. “There are vineyards and nowhere in the Indies has such good grapes been given as in this land, wine is made very good“. “The first man who did it was a neighbour who calls himself Rodrigo de Araya, and likewise was the first to bring wheat to this earth.”

On January 12, 1544 Pedro de Valdivia distributed the Indians available in the conquered region among sixty encomenderos. Ainsi,, he inaugurated the system of encomiendas au Chili, but in view of the scarce endowment of some of these encomiendas, he determined, in July 1546, a new distribution. In the first distribution of encomiendas à 1544, he considered Francisco de Aguirre, Bartolomé Flores, Inés de Suarez, Rodrigo de Araya, Diego García de Cáceres, Pedro de Miranda and Bidela, Juan Jofré de Loaíza y Montesa, et Alonso de Monroy entre autres,. These first encomenderos began the exploitation of several crops oriented to production on a larger scale than that of the lots in Santiago, among them the first vineyards were planted by Rodrigo de Araya in his “merced de tierra” de El Salto, Pedro de Miranda i Bidela in his encomienda de Cachapoal, puis Diego García de Cáceres, et Juan Jofré de Loaiza y Montesa on lands in Ñuñoa. The historical records do not discriminate between the dates of delivery of lands in charge and the dates of the plantations, ni ceux de la production de vins et il est très peu probable qu'aucun des conquérants ait planté une vigne pour les vins,,en,il est probable qu'ils l'aient fait leurs serviteurs,,en,esclaves noirs ou Indiens d'encomienda comme cela s'est passé au Pérou,,en,au Pérou,,en,et avant en Nouvelle-Espagne,,en, it is likely that they have done it their servants, black slaves or Indians of encomienda as it was in Peru, in Alto Peru (Bolivie) and before in New Spain (Mexique).

Bientôt Pedro de Valdivia s'est rendu compte que le seul moyen d'accumuler des richesses dans la nouvelle colonie était d'introduire le modèle économique déjà prédominant dans l'empire espagnol,,en,Si les Indiens refusent d'accepter le,,en,Traverser,,en,comme leur nouvelle religion, ils seraient soumis par le,,en,Épée,,en,L’acclimatation parfaite des plants de vigne en lots à Santiago et dans les environs a commencé à donner de bons résultats et,,en,envoie une longue lettre à l'empereur Charles Quint,,en,daté de septembre,,en,dans lequel il demande,,en,vignes et vins pour évangéliser le Chili,,en: le encomienda system that gathered the necessary elements to obtain the submission of the indigenous people and their dedication to the transfer of value towards its conquerors. As many times in history, the human exploitation systems were making up under a socially acceptable concept, in this case a system where the indigenous people were converted to a soft slavery under the name of encomienda. The system be given a name other than that of enslavement of the Indians, it was given the name of encomienda. The King, it was said, entrusts (encomienda) his Indians (it is supposed that the Indians conquered were property of the King) to the good servants of the Crown, to place them under their protection and the protection of the latter, so that they may be treated with gentleness and justice. Le encomenderos (trustees) had to take care of converting the Indians to Christianity and attending to the salvation of their souls. If the Indians refuses to accept the Cross as their new religion, they would be submitted by the Sword. In practice, le encomienda (entrusts) system was the basis of the harshest and cruel despotism. The Indians were turned into beasts of burden to transport the conquerors cargo in their military expeditions, they were reduced to the most painful jobs in which they died by hundreds, they were chained so that they did not escape, and they were even marked in the face, with red-hot irons as cattle, to recognize them anywhere. The Spaniards replicated in a new manner the European custom of accumulation of wealth which embodied religious conversion, submission and a life of work for the benefit of the conqueror. The main businesses it will be the mining of gold, silver and copper and in agriculture the cultivation of wheat, barley, maize (which the Spaniards had discovered in America and the yanakonas knew how to cultivate it) et des vignobles pour produire du vin ainsi que des champs de canne à sucre et l'élevage du bétail,,en,que le,,en,Aymara,,en,Incas,,en,exploitaient depuis le,,en,est à une altitude supérieure,,en,une consommation d'alcool clandestine et excessive. Les énormes quantités d'argent déversées dans l'économie européenne provoquent une révolution des prix en raison du processus inflationniste survenu en Europe occidentale au cours de la seconde moitié du XVe siècle et de la première moitié du XVIe siècle.,,en,les prix ont été multipliés par six. L'argent extrait de l'Amérique coloniale espagnole de,,en.

It was Juan Bohon (Johann von Bohon, from German origin), founder of La Serena in 1544, qui a probablement d'abord introduit la vigne dans la vallée de l'Elqui; but it was Francisco de Aguirre, lors de la reconstruction de La Serena à 1549, qui définitivement établi les premières vignes dans les vallées transversales qui descendent de la cordillère des Andes à l'océan Pacifique. La première vendange a eu lieu deux ans plus tard, à 1551, probably from vines planted before him, under the local rule of Juan Bohon, which made Francisco de Aguirre one of the forerunners of winegrowers in Chile, along with Rodrigo de Araya. Francisco de Aguirre thus received from the King of Spain the Elqui valley estate and lands beyond, même au-delà de la cordillère des Andes à l'Est, their limits reaching as far as the city of San Juan en Argentine. Il a fui cette ville de la persécution de l'Inquisition épiscopale créé au début après la colonisation a commencé au Pérou. Francisco de Aguirre had made the mistake of denying mounts to the Mercedarian missionaries of La Serena, et attribué aux chevaux de ses troupes à la place. Cette missionnaires forcés à participer, à pied, à Francisco de Aguirre’s reconnoitring patrols against the Indians, vers l'arrière-pays Elqui et provoqué leur accusation à l'Inquisition épiscopale à Lima.

The perfect acclimatisation of vine stocks in lots in Santiago and surroundings began to give good results and Pedro de Valdivia sends an extensive letter to the Emperor Charles V, dated September 4, 1545, in which he requests “vines and wines to evangelize Chile.” It must be considering that due to the economy management system under the rule of the Crown almost everything had need of a permit for new plantations or new exploitation, therefore asking for vines and wine Pedro de Valdivia was also asking for the approval of the Crown in order to perform a profitable business. In the same year of 1545, in January, the Spaniards discovered the largest mine of silver ever found, Cerro Rico à Potosí, that the Aymara et l' Incas were exploiting since the 1,110 AD. The Spaniards just arriving immediately boosted the extraction of silver increasing the population in the vicinity of the mine.

Le Cerro Rico mine in Potosí is at an altitude over 4,000 m.a.s.l., and its exploitation is carried out in very precarious conditions. The work in the mine was supported chewing coca leaves to procure energy, in addition, a clandestine and excessive intake of alcohol. The huge amounts of silver pouring into the European economy provoke a price revolution due to the inflationary process that took place in Western Europe during the second half of the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century. Sur 150 ans, prices increased six-fold. The silver mined from Spanish Colonial America from 1530 à 1650 amounted 11,600 tons. In the decade of 1591 à 1600 was 2,707,626 kg, un moyen de 270,750 kg/year. The vast amounts of silver that were transferred into the hands of the crowns of Europe were from Zacatecas (Mexique) et Potosí (Alto Peru) exploited with slave labour. The mine of Cerro Rico à Potosí, that began to be exploited in large quantities from 1545, developing a huge population adjacent to the service of mining that also created a great demand for goods as food and drinks, including wine. The population in Potosí reached rapidly the 160.000 habitants, more than the mayority of the European capitals. La demande de vin a pris de nouvelles dimensions énormes pour satisfaire les besoins croissants des ouvriers des mines,,en,parmi eux des esclaves noirs indigènes et africains. Cette demande d'alcool a stimulé le développement de vignobles pour produire des vins et des spiritueux,,en,L'argent de,,en,a été prise par,,en,lama,,en,camélidés sud-américains,,en,caravanes et train mulet jusqu'à la côte pacifique,,en,expédiés au nord de Panama City,,en,et transporté par train mulet à travers l'isthme de Panama pour,,en,Nom du Dieu,,es,Portobelo,,en, amongst them indigenous and African black slaves. This demand for alcohol stimulated the development of vineyards to produce wines and spirits (in Peru, Chile and Argentina). The silver from Cerro Rico was taken by llama (south american camelid) caravans and mule train to the Pacific coast, shipped north to Panama City, and carried by mule train across the isthmus of Panama to Nombre de Dios ou Portobelo, d'où il a été pris en Espagne sur les flottes de trésors espagnoles,,en,pour le transport terrestre de l'argent a été utilisé en suivant les anciennes routes incas de la,,en,Qhapaq Ñan,,en,sur sa route andine principale à Lima,,en,à partir du port de Callao a navigué les navires royaux aux Caraïbes,,en,La Havane et Séville,,en,En mars de,,en,cette route terrestre a été utilisée dans le premier envoi de,,en,quintes royales,,en,impôt au profit de la couronne,,en,après trois ans d'être découvert le,,en,Cerro Rico de Potosí,,es,Le voyage a duré six mois.,,en,barres d'argent dans une caravane de deux mille lamas,,en. Initialement, for the land transport of the silver was used following the ancient Inca roads of the Qhapaq Ñan, on its main Andean road to Lima, from whose port of Callao sailed the Royal Ships to the Caribbean, Havana and Seville. In March of 1549 this land route was used in the first shipment of royal fifths (20% tax in benefit of the crown), after three years of being discovered the Cerro Rico de Potosí. The trip lasted six months carrying 3,771 silver bars in a caravan of two thousand llamas, this route was only used a couple of times. After this experience the route was establish first from Potosí à Arequipa and from there to Lima but latter the Ruta de la Plata was a monopoly from Potosí à San Marcos de Arica where several llama caravans converge coming from at least three different routes. Some of the silver use the way southeast to Buenos Aires, via the Río de la Plata but a significant part of the production takes their route to Acapulco to satisfy the strongest China silver demand through the Manila Galleons trade.

In thirty years (1536 – 1566) L'Espagne a profité de sa fortune,,en,Une succession d’événements impensables s’est déroulée dans les colonies espagnoles et grâce à elle, l’Espagne est passée du statut de pays de deuxième ou troisième ordre au rang de pays le plus riche et le plus puissant du monde,,en,Almaden,,es,Huancavelica,,es,Y a-t-il quatre noms de lieux d’importance exceptionnelle pour comprendre le soutien matériel et le développement de l’empire et de la couronne espagnole?,,en,Sans eux rien n'aurait été possible,,en,géré par la capitale allemande,,en,produit le,,en,azogue,,gl,Mercure,,en. A sequence of unthinkable events took place in the Spanish colonies and thanks to this Spain went from being a second or third order country to be the richest and most powerful country in the world, with resources enough to build “the empire on which the sun never sets“, the Spanish Empire. Almadén, Potosí, Zacatecas et Huancavelica are four names of places of exceptional importance to understand which the material support and the development of the empire and the Spanish crown was. Without them nothing would have been possible. Almadén in Spain, managed by German capital, produced the azogue (mercury) pour le traitement de l'argent de,,en,au Mexique,,en,au Pérou a produit le,,en,L'argent a changé le monde,,en,en particulier l'argent de,,en,inventé en Espagne le dicton,,en,Vaut un Potosí,,en,pour refléter l'immense richesse qui a chéri,,en,L’Espagne a non seulement changé son histoire, mais aussi l’histoire du monde,,en,début d'une mondialisation accélérée et profitait de la demande du plus grand pays du monde à l'époque,,en,ainsi que la demande de l'Europe et de ses propres,,en Zacatecas in Mexico, et Huancavelica in Peru produced the azogue pour Potosí à Alto Peru. Silver changed the world, particularly the silver of Cerro Rico. Miguel de Cervantes, coined in Spain the saying: Worth a Potosí, to reflect the immense wealth that treasured. Spain not only changed its history but also changed the world’s history, the beginning of an accelerated globalization and took advantage of the demand of China, as well as the demand of Europe and its own. The economy of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) of China was the largest in the world during that period. The Chinese Ming dynasty demanded huge amounts of silver and other goods as firearms from Europe and in return gave all kinds of luxury goods, silk, jewels and porcelain among them, that decorated the European elite that enjoys the benefits of taking over the silver of America. Manila joint to the Chinese goods the appreciated spices to satisfy the European demand. This was the task of the Manila Galleon, également appelé Nao of China or China Galleon and the Fleet of the Galleons of Tierra Firme, to reload the goods from the Far East to the treasure fleet from Veracruz or Portobelo to Seville or Cádiz.

Les boutures de vigne et toutes les marchandises arrivant au Royaume du Chili arrivent du nord par le Pérou au lieu du détroit de Magellan découvert à,,en,douze ans avant la conquête du Pérou par,,en,et quinze avant l'arrivée de,,en,Vallée au Chili,,en,devrait faire son chemin plein nord,,en,vers le pérou,,en,avoir la possibilité de faire escale dans les ports d'escale et les baies d'ancrage de la côte chilienne, ce qui rendait plus supportable un si long voyage,,en,chevalier de l'ordre religieux militaire de,,en 1520, in the south, twelve years before the conquest of Peru by Francisco Pizarro and fifteen before the arrival of Diego de Almagro to the Aconcagua Valley in Chile. If the vine cuttings would had arrive navigating the Strait of Magellan the ship bearing these plants have had been to cross the Southern Atlantic and, after crossing the Strait of Magellan reaching the Pacific Ocean, should make its way due north, towards Peru, having the option to stop in the ports of call and anchorage bays in the coast of Chile which made such a long trip more bearable. These not happened because the frequency of the navigation via the Strait of Magellan was low and the trip dangerous. After Fernão de Magalhães, a portuguese navigator to the service of the Spanish Crown, en Novembre 1520, six years later the fleet of Frey Francisco José García Jofré de Loaísa, knight of the military religious Order of San Juan crossed the recently discovered strait. It is important to mention that the Spanish Crown purpose of the discovery of the Strait of Magellan, était toujours et depuis le début de trouver une nouvelle route vers les îles Moluques,,en,les îles des épices,,en,Le passage par le détroit a été découvert presque une décennie avant l'initiation de la conquête de l'empire Inca,,en,a quitté Séville par le commandement d’un des trois navires de l’Armada de l’évêque de,,en,le navire de,,en,a fait naufrage dans le deuxième passage du détroit de Magellan et l’équipage a été sauvé sur la côte continentale de la où ils sont entrés dans la Patagonie intérieure,,en,le navire sur ordre de,,en,Gonzalo de Alvarado,,es, the islands of the spices. The pass through the strait was discovered almost a decade before the initiation of the conquest of the Inca Empire.

On Saturday May 26, 1526, la petite armada de,,en,Quatorze ans plus tard,,en,en août,,en,Alonso de Camargo est parti de Séville sur le commandement d’un des trois navires de l’Armada de l’évêque de,,en,Plasencia,,en,sur commande de,,en,Frey Francisco de la Ribera,,es,New Leon Advance,,es García Jofré de Loaísa left the Strait of Magellan after 48 days of crossing it. Le patache Santiago, un de ses navires,,en,Santiago de Guevara,,es,abandonné la route vers les îles Moluques en prenant les courants vers le nord,,en,il se dirigea vers le nord et fit un voyage incroyable,,en,km pour atteindre la côte de la Nouvelle-Espagne,,en,Il a donné des fonds dans le golfe de,,en,Tehuantepec,,es,de juillet de,,en,Juan Ladrillero,,es,suivant les ordres du vice-roi du Pérou,,en,navigué dans le détroit de Magellan,,en,Il part du port fluvial de Valdivia,,en,être le premier à naviguer dans le détroit de Magellan dans les deux sens,,en, commanded by Santiago de Guevara, desisted of the route towards the Moluccas Islands taking the currents towards north, he headed north and made an amazing journey of 10,000 km to reach the coast of New Spain. It gave fund in the gulf of Tehuantepec le 25 of July of 1526. Fourteen years later, in August 1539, Alonso de Camargo sailed from Seville on command of one of the three ships of the Armada of the Bishop of Plasencia on command of Frey Francisco de la Ribera, Adelantado de Nueva León, explorer le détroit de Magellan et coloniser la Terre de Feu,,en,En arrivant au détroit de Magellan en janvier de,,en,la petite flotte a fait face à de forts vents qui séparaient les trois navires,,en,le navire de Frey Francisco de la Ribera a fait naufrage dans le deuxième passage du détroit de Magellan et l'équipage a été sauvé sur la côte continentale de la où ils sont entrés dans la Patagonie intérieure,,en,le navire au commandement de Gonzalo de Alvarado après plusieurs tentatives d'entrer dans le détroit est rentré en Espagne en novembre,,en. Upon arriving at the Strait of Magellan in January of 1540, the small fleet faced strong winds which separated the three ships, the ship of Frey Francisco de la Ribera was shipwrecked in the second pass of the Strait of Magellan and the crew was saved on the continental coast from the which they entered the inner Patagonia, the ship on command of Gonzalo de Alvarado après plusieurs tentatives d'entrer dans le détroit est rentré en Espagne en novembre,,en,il a repéré l'île de,,en,Chiloé,,es,et a réussi à arriver en août,,en,Après ces quatre passages espagnols du détroit de Magellan, il passera un autre,,en,et le second pour faire le tour de la planète,,en,les attaques contre les villes et les navires espagnols font tellement peur que le vice-roi du Pérou organise une Armada pour le chercher,,en,afin de le charger dans les cales de la flotte de trésors espagnole de,,en,Portobello,,en,La Havane,,es,et de là à Séville ou,,en,Cadix,,en 1540. Le navire de,,en,Alonso de Camargo,,es,après avoir été traîné par les vents vers ce qui sont maintenant les îles Falkland,,en,qu'il a appelé les îles Samson,,en,est retourné à l'ouest et a réussi à traverser le détroit de Magellan,,en,déjà dans l'océan Pacifique vers le nord,,en,il a repéré l'île de Chiloé et a réussi à arriver en août,,en,à la nouvelle ville d'Arequipa au Pérou,,en,Après quatre traversée espagnole du détroit de Magellan,,en,Alonso de Camargo dans,,pt Alonso de Camargo after being dragged by the winds towards what are now the Falkland Islands, which he called Samson Islands, returned to the west and managed to cross the Strait of Magellan, already in the Pacific Ocean heading north, he spotted the island of Chiloé and managed to arrive on August 15, 1540 to the newly founded city of Arequipa in Peru. Some 32 years later Juan Ladrillero, following the orders of the Viceroy of Peru, sailed the Strait of Magellan. He departs from the fluvial port of Valdivia; being the first to navigate the Strait of Magellan in both directions in 1558. After these four Spanish crossings of the Strait of Magellan it will pass another 20 years until Francis Drake est devenu le premier Anglais à traverser le détroit de Magellan en septembre,,en,Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa,,es,a quitté le port de Callao avec onze navires,,en,passé le détroit de Magellan d'ouest en est pour la deuxième fois après,,en,Thomas Cavendish était déterminé à suivre Francis Drake en faisant une descente dans les ports et navires espagnols du Pacifique et en faisant le tour du monde.,,en,Il a atteint le détroit de Magellan en janvier,,en,et se dirigeant vers le nord, il a réussi à capturer le galion de Manille,,en,Santa Ana,,ro 1578, unveiling the most cherished and guarded secret of the Spanish crown, and the second in to circumnavigate de planet.

Francis Drake’s attacks to Spanish towns and vessels make such alarm that the Viceroy of Peru organize an Armada to look for him. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa sailed out of the port of Callao with eleven vessels in 1579 to capture Drake. He did not find Drake, mais il a exploré la côte sud du Pacifique de l'Amérique du Sud,,en,passé le détroit de Magellan d’ouest en est pour la deuxième fois après Juan Ladrillero et,,en,après une impressionnante navigation de l'océan Atlantique du sud-ouest au nord-est,,en,il a atteint l'Espagne en retard,,en,achèvement de l'ancienne trilogie méditerranéenne,,en, passed the Magellan Strait from west to east for the second time after Juan Ladrillero et, after an impressive sailing of the Atlantic Ocean from southwest to northeast, he reached Spain in late 1580. Thomas Cavendish was determined to follow Francis Drake by raiding the Spanish ports and ships in the Pacific and circumnavigating the globe. He reached the Strait of Magellan on January 1587 and heading north he managed to capture the Manila Galleon Santa Ana et en suivant son cours original de retour en Angleterre,,en,Après Thomas Cavendish c'était Richard Dawkins,,en,le troisième Anglais qui a traversé le détroit de Magellan en,,en,Simon de Cordes,,fr,en commande,,en,remplaçant,,en,Jacques Mahu,,ms,qui est mort dans l'Atlantique,,en,dirige la première flotte des Pays-Bas et la dernière flotte qui a traversé le détroit de Magellan au XVe siècle,,en,La flotte néerlandaise de cinq navires expédiés de l'île de Texel vers l'Extrême-Orient par le détroit de Magellan,,en,appartenait à une entreprise de marchands de Rotterdam,,en,pré-entreprise,,nl. After Thomas Cavendish it was Richard Hawkins, the son of John, the third Englishman who crossed the Strait of Magellan in 1594. Soon after, à 1599, Simon de Cordes in command, replacing Jacques Mahu (who died in the Atlantic), lead the first fleet from the Netherlands and the last fleet which crossed the Strait of Magellan during the XV century. The Netherlands five-ship fleet dispatched from the isle of Texel to the Far East through the Strait of Magellan, à 1598, belonged to a company of Rotterdam merchants (une voorcompagnie, prédécesseur de la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales,,en,et il avait l'anglais William Adams en tant que pilote majeur,,en,accompagné de son frère Thomas,,en,L'Angleterre et les Pays-Bas étaient alors des alliés,,en,William Adams avait servi dans la Royal Navy,,en,contre l'Armada espagnole en,,en,sous le commandement de Francis Drake et il deviendrait le premier Anglais à s'établir au Japon et à devenir l'un des rares samouraïs occidentaux,,en,connu comme,,en,Miura Anjin,,id,le pilote de Miura,,en) and it had the Englishman William Adams as pilot major, accompanied by his brother Thomas. England and the Netherlands were allies then. William Adams had serve in the Royal Navy, against the Spanish Armada in 1588, under the command of Francis Drake and he would become the first Englishman to stablish in Japan and becoming one of the few Western samurai, known as Miura Anjin (the pilot of Miura).

Le détroit de Magellan était considéré comme une route difficile à naviguer par les voiliers à cause de l'étroitesse du passage et des vents et courants imprévisibles, mais il est plus court et plus abrité que le passage souvent orageux du passage de Drake.,,en,Avec le canal Beagle étroit et parfois perfide,,en,Ce sont les trois seules routes maritimes entre l'Atlantique et le Pacifique jusqu'à la construction du canal de Panama.,,en,l'un des descendants de,,en,avait vendu à,,en,Miguel Pinto de Escobar,,es,le domaine de la vallée d'Elqui appelé “,,en. Along with the narrow and sometimes treacherous Beagle Channel, these were the only three sea routes between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans until the construction of the Panama Canal. The Cape Horn was discovered and first rounded in 1616 by the Dutchman Willem Schouten, who named it Kaap Hoorn after the busy pilot’s port of Hoorn, his birthplace in the Netherlands and name of the second ship of their expedition led by Jacob Le Maire and lost in the South Atlantic. The expedition was organised in order to find the way to overcome the restrictions of the Dutch East India Company on the Spice islands trade, company which had a monopoly on the route around the Cape of Good Hope. The navigation through the route around the Cape Horn or the Strait of Magellan was not a practical route, and the merchant routes were organised in the northern hemisphere from Europe to the Caribbean, le Carrera de Indias, and from the Pacific coast of Mexico to Manila, le Carrera de las Filipinas or Manila Galleon route, that lasted for 250 ans. Le détroit de Magellan commence à être utilisé comme un passage stratégique avec l’arrivée des navires à vapeur de,,en,parmi eux, ceux qui ont abouti à la création dans le pays d'observatoires astronomiques multinationaux,,en,en particulier au nombre de jours clairs dans l'année et à une atmosphère propre et sèche,,en 1840 partir. Until the beginning of the 20th Century, navires en provenance d'Europe sont entrés Chili du Sud, le canal de Panama a été inauguré en 1914, and since then the Strait of Magellan compete with the Panama Channel as a commercial route, amongst the two oceans.

Cependant, the Jesuit Juan Ignacio Molina, better known as Abbe Molina, l'un des premiers chroniqueurs et scientifiques de cette époque coloniale, reported the existence of wild vines and grapevines of black muscatel grapes in inhospitable places of the Curicó area of the Andes Mountain Range region. Probably what Molina found was one or all of the wild vines also founded in Mexico: Vitis rupestris, Vitis labrusca and Vitis berlandieri which are not suitable to produce wines. As for Alonso Ovalle, qu'il décrit comme la première vigne cultivée au Chili, le ‘País’ vine stock variety, which resembles the ‘Criolla’ of Argentina or the ‘Mission’ en Californie, comme premiers raisins. Comme les vignes blanches stocks muscat, torontel et albillo, et pour les rouges le raisin noir commun (Pays, Airen et Mollar) entre autres,. Cependant, Ovalle ne précise pas l'origine des ceps. L'importance de cette description se trouve néanmoins en ce qu'il certifie les excellentes conditions climatiques et du sol que la vigne trouvés sur le territoire chilien, dans laquelle les chroniqueurs de l'époque coïncident, que ce soit dans la partie nord; partie centrale ou du Sud-centrale du pays.

Another early winegrower of the central zone of Chile – Maipo Valley – was Juan Jofré de Loaiza y Montesa, son-in-law to Francisco de Aguirre qui lui a accordé un héritage et de la dot, vast areas of land in Santiago, dans le encomienda revision in 1546, Juan Jofré de Loaiza y Montesa, received land for farm in Ñuñoa, which he increased through purchases until he came to form an estate that stretched eastward from the Andes Mountain Range and from the Macul irrigation channel to the Maipo River, where he worked vineyards for the wine production. He devoted the lands to winegrowing and his estate became extremely important as of 1554. In addition to being one of the first to do so, its quality achieved such fame that for certain transactions it was explicitly stated that the payment had to be made with “Ñuñoa wine from Juan Jofré’s harvest“. Aussi, it cultivated in the valley of Peuco, in lands that had received in favour of the Cabildo à 1556, those that later were known like Viña del Mar. The new plantations and Juan Jofré, who exported his wines to Peru since 1560, need constantly new labour. He use to acquired slaves in auction in 1564: “a black drunkard, thief, cut ears and sick, “closed charge and bone sack”, thirty-five years, for three hundred pesos of good gold.” Le Cousino Macul Winery still exists to this day in lthe lands that use to be of Juan Jofré. Some argue that another early winegrower in the Central Valley was Diego García de Cáceres, which is probably the case. Cependant, the main concern of Spaniards regarding winegrowing continued to be that of having wine available for the local demand and the growing demand of the silver mines of Potosí in Alto Peru and this explains the early incentive for the planting of vines. Sur 9 Mars 1555, dans la capitale de l'époque Royaume du Chili, réunis en conseil, le clergé ont signé un document établissant que: "À l'heure actuelle, il ya dans cette ville raisins qui produit du vin de sorte que l'office divin peut et sera célébrée. L'édit se réfère en outre à l'achat de raisins pour une quantité qui devrait être suffisant pour faire deux tonneaux de vin". As for Tibaldo of Toledo, Chroniqueur principal pour les Indes, il enregistre que: “Santiago est le plus galant verger dans le monde, entouré de jardins potagers, et d'oliviers, et vignobles à partir desquels un vin de grande et très bonne est faite“. Les vignes ont commencé à étendre de plus en plus vers le Sud, malgré subir les conséquences de l'hostilité et les soulèvements des peuples autochtones de la région, les Araucans qui souvent détruit les plantations. Les Araucans ne savaient pas de raisin ou de vin, alors qu'ils savaient boissons alcoolisées, qui ils ont fait à partir de maïs, les pommes de terre ou d'autres plantes.

En dépit de ce qui précède, vignobles proliféré et prolongées jusqu'à ce que le soulèvement en 1576 du chef de guerre araucanienne Antecul, qui a détruit sept villes, y compris Angol et Concepción. Cette fois, il n'a pas tiré les vignes du vignoble et a provoqué un développement spécial. Il a recueilli les raisins et laisser fermenter, essayant de copier le vin – processus de décision qu'il avait observé des conquérants. Il n'a pas obtenu le vin en tant que tel, but made instead a beverage similar to the “Chicha" (vin nouveau), familiar to Indians who knew how to make it from maqui berries, maize ou yucca, a knowledge probably inherited from the Quechua Indian customs, or other native cultures from farther north. La boisson obtenue à partir de raisins a donné son nom pré-colombienne pour les boissons alcoolisées, et a pris racines dans la culture chilienne. Grape Chicha also conquered the conquerors, qui s'habitua à elle et a pris plaisir à boire.

After four Spanish crossing of the Strait of Magellan, première Fernão de Magalhães à 1520, puis Frey Francisco José García Jofré de Loaísa à 1526, Alonso de Camargo à 1540 et enfin Juan Ladrillero à 1558, the privateer Francis Drake, in October 1578, enter the cherished secret of the Spanish crown becoming the first Englishman in finding and crossing the Strait of Magellan, following the steps of its discoverer. Une fois sur la rive du détroit de Magellan, Francis Drake et ses hommes engagés dans une escarmouche avec des autochtones,,en,devenir les premiers Européens à tuer des peuples autochtones dans le sud de la Patagonie,,en,Un seul navire a traversé avec succès le détroit de Magellan avec le Golden Hinde, l’Elizabeth,,en,sous le commandement de John Winter,,en,Commandant en second de Drake,,en, becoming the first Europeans to kill indigenous peoples in southern Patagonia. Just one ship successfully crossed the Strait of Magellan along with the Golden Hinde which was the Elizabeth, captained by John Winter, Drake´s second in command. Le souci a été détruit contre la côte et l’Elizabeth a été séparée du Golden Hinde lorsqu’un orage a envahi l’océan Pacifique et l’hiver a fait demi-tour,,en,De retour dans le détroit et malade à bord, il envoya un bateau à la recherche de plantes médicinales.,,en,Pendant le séjour dans le détroit,,en,les membres de l'équipage ont découvert qu'une infusion d'écorce de Drimys winteri,,en,Arbre Canelo dans la langue Mapudungun du peuple Mapuche au Chili,,en,appelé plus tard écorce de l'hiver,,en. The Golden Hinde headed towards north along the coast of Chile.

Drake’s second encounter with the inhabitants of Patagonia was on the Pacific coast, with the native Mapuche people, en Novembre 25, 1578, at La Mocha Island, where he anchored to approach land searching for vegetables and fresh water, after an initial friendly greeting a surprise fight arose where two crew members were killed and two others badly wounded by arrows, Drake himself was injured twice gaining the scar below his right eye which will accompany him as a memory of the second circumnavigation of the planet for the rest of his life.

Francis Drake and his crew leave Mocha Island for a shelter cove in Papudo, north of Valparaíso where they recovered from their wounds and rested having water and food from the local Chango Indians. Felipe, a civilized Chango Indian, a fisherman who spoke Spanish and they found there, leur a dit qu'ils venaient de passer Valparaíso et qu'il pourrait les piloter dans le port pour saisir un navire espagnol,,en,le 5 décembre,,en,la marée change pour le capitaine privilégié d’Elizabeth, alors que le Golden Hinde glisse dans la baie pour saisir le seul navire ancré dans la baie,,en,l'équipage de huit Espagnols et trois nègres les a pris pour des amis,,en,les saluer avec des battements de tambour et préparer un pot de vin chilien à boire avec eux,,en,Les hommes de Drake ont pris le navire et un seul Espagnol a sauté par-dessus bord et a nagé jusqu'à la côte.,,en,Dans ce,,en. Donc, the 5th of December 1578, the tide changed for the Elizabeth’s Sea Dog as the Golden Hind slipped into the bay to seize the only ship anchored there, the crew of eight Spaniards and three negroes took them for friends, salute them with drum beats and make ready a jar of Chilean wine to drink with them. In this, an audacious manoeuvre, in his first strike against a Spanish colonial town in the Pacific coast of America Francis Drake had captured La Capitana under the command of Hernando Lamero y Gallego de Andrade, a celebrated pilot and businessman who leaped overboard and swam ashore to give the alarm of the assault of Drake’s men. Hernando Lamero had loaded his vessel with 25.000 pesos of fine gold brought from Valdivia (Baldivia wrote Drake) et 1720 Chilean wine clay jugs (colonial botigas of one arroba [35,5 litres] ou botigas de carga for transport of two arrobas [71 litres]). Valparaíso was the first port assaulted by Francis Drake and gold and Chilean wines were his first booty in the beginning of their plundering in the Pacific.

The Captaine of Moriall (La Capitana in Spanish reports) wine cargo had been originally destined to supply the mining town of Potosí silver mountain in Alto Peru via the Spanish port of San Marcos de Arica. The gold from La Capitana had been destined to the Spanish Silver Train, a trail used by cargo mule’s trains to transport silver coming mainly from Potosí across the Isthmus of Panama to the port city of Nombre de Jesús in order to load it into the ships’ holds of the Spanish treasure fleet from Portobello à Habana and from there to Seville or Cádiz. Francis Drake at the time did not know that some years later he would succeed in capturing the mule train from the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama and later would also find in the area his own death. Probably Francis Drake and his crew were the first Englishmen in tasting the Chilean wines which had been playing such a significant role in the Spanish conquest. There is unknown if this wine sailed along with Drake to arrive to the table of Queen Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen, in the very heart of England, to rival with French wines.

It is recorded that wines coming from parcels cultivated from Roman times such as Haut-Brion, Latour, Margaux and Lafite amongst other wines from Bordeaux, despite being branded most of them later, were in England since the time of Leonor of Aquitaine, to enhance the offer of the Royal dinner table. These were the times of England’s golden age, the very beginnings of the British Empire. They were the times of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of actors, une “playing company” where Richard Burbage was the main actor and for which William Shakespeare wrote for most of his career, and for whose performance, as secondary actor on the stage, the Queen pleasantly used to go to see at The Theatre before the inauguration of Shakespeare’s associated theatre: The Globe. Sûrement, Francis Drake did not know the Globe but for sure he pays a visit to The Theatre to see one of the famous plays of Shakespeare on the fashion at the times. C'était l'époque de Shakespeare et de Cervantes, l'un en Angleterre et l'autre en Espagne.,,en,shitfire,,en.

Le fait le plus important et le plus pertinent du voyage de circumnavigation de Francis Drake est l'assaut du galion de 120 tonnes sur la côte équatorienne,,en,surnommé,,en,Cacafuego,,es,pour sa puissance de feu,,en,Drake prit au galion un butin d'or et l'incroyable quantité de,,en,environ un dixième de la production annuelle d'argent du,,en,mine de,,en,John Maynard Keynes a lié tous les investissements étrangers britanniques au seul acte de pillage du Cacafuego,,en,Keynes a écrit,,en Nuestra Señora de la Concepción nicknamed Cacafuego (shitfire) for its fire power. Drake took from the galleon a booty of gold and the unbelievable amount of 27 tons of silver, approximately one tenth of the annual production of silver of the Cerro Rico mine of Potosí. John Maynard Keynes linked all British foreign investment to the single act of looting of the Cacafuego. Keynes wrote: "I trace the beginnings of British foreign investment to the treasure which Drake stole from Spain in 1580. In that year he returned to England bringing with him the prodigious spoils of the Golden Hind. Queen Elizabeth was a considerable shareholder in the syndicate which had financed the expedition. Out of her share she paid off the whole of England’s foreign debt, balanced her Budget, and found herself with about £40,000 in hand….” The booty was of such magnitude that Drake revealed a return to his investors £ 47 for every £ 1 invested [a return of 4700%]. The exact amount was never known, part of the loot was concealed from investors (including Sir Christopher Hatton) and distributed between Drake and Queen Elizabeth I. The income of the crown was higher than its annual budget. According to John Maynard Keynes: “The booty that Drake brought into the Golden Hinde can fairly be considered as the source and origin of British foreign investment.”

The Disaster of Curalaba and the arrival of the Company of Jesus

In the winter of 1536, the first conquistadors came to the banks of the Itata River and fought in its vicinity the Battle of Reynogüelén (Reinohuelén) between Spanish conquistadors under the command of Gómez de Alvarado y Contreras, second in command of Diego de Almagro expedition to Chile, contre les soldats mapuches de la région,,en,Cette première rencontre avec les soldats mapuches est généralement considérée comme le début de la guerre d'Arauco entre les deux parties.,,en,l'armée des peuples autochtones mapuches,,en,formé à la guerre contre les soldats de l'empire Inca,,en,et l'armée coloniale de l'empire espagnol,,en,l’armée la plus puissante du monde au XVIe siècle,,en,Une des plus anciennes plantations de vignes du sud du pays avec des vignes pour la vinification ont été plantées depuis,,en. Gómez de Alvarado y Contreras was the youngest brother of Pedro de Alvarado, conqueror of Guatemala, who withdraw from the conquest of Perú selling six out of the eight ships of his Armada to Diego de Almagro in Quito, one of the first fleet built in the Pacific coast of America. His brother return to Guatemala and Gómez de Alvarado y Contreras and others joint Diego de Almagro into the expedition, first to Perú and later to Chile where was ordered, when they were at the Aconcagua Valley, to head to the south to explore following the coast of Chile to reach the Strait of Magellan, this purpose brought Gómez de Alvarado to Reynogüelén. This first encounter with the Mapuche soldiers is usually taken as the beginning of the Arauco War between the two parties, the Mapuche indigenous people army, trained in the warfare against the Inca Empire soldiers, and the Spanish Empire colonial army, the most powerful world’s army in the XVI century, the Spanish Tercio, puis, a state of the art warfare formation.

One of the oldest plantations of vineyards in the south of the country with vines for winemaking were planted since 1551, un an après la fondation de la ville de Concepción et la même année où les premières vendanges suffisent à faire du vin dans la vallée de Maipo,,en,Les premières vignes du sud ont été plantées dans plusieurs régions en supposant qu'elles n'auraient pas besoin d'irrigation,,en,parmi eux à Penco,,en,près de Concepción mais ils ne survivraient pas,,en,ils l'ont fait dans la vallée d'Itata,,en. The first vines of the south were planted in several areas under the assumption that they would not need irrigation, parmi eux,,en,une veuve principale,,en,qui possédait auparavant l'Hacienda déjà planté de vignes et produisant des vins,,en,au collège jésuite de,,en,Après la bataille de,,en,il a été loué à,,en,José Bustos,,es,il a été vendu aux enchères de la couronne par,,en,Juan Alejandro Urrejola et Peñaloza,,es,le fondateur de cette famille,,en,payable dans les huit ans avec,,en,l'historien,,en,Sánchez andaur,,hi,souligne que dans cette hacienda de 2 000 miles carrés,,en,parmi eux,,en,une veuve principale,,en Penco, close to Concepción but they would not survive. En plus, they did it in the Itata Valley, Ils ont également été plantés sans irrigation, ce qui a limité leur production permettant la production naturelle de meilleurs vins et ils se sont adaptés de manière à créer au fil des siècles de nouveaux phénotypes bien adaptés.,,en,Ces vignes originales ont été importées du Pérou sur ordre de Don Pedro de Valdivia lui-même,,en,Diego de Oro,,es,vient d'être nommé comme le premier,,en,Corregidor,,en,Les vignes qu'il ordonne de planter le long des rives de la vallée d'Itata,,en,produit le premier bon vin,,en. These original vines were brought from Peru by order of Don Pedro de Valdivia himself to Diego de Oro just appointed as the first Corregidor de Concepción. The vines which he orders to plant along the riverbanks in the Itata Valley, produced the first proper wine in 1556. A partir de là et malgré la lutte permanente avec les soldats Mapuches, les vignobles du conquistador ont prospéré,,en,Quelques années plus tard, les sites plantés seront gérés sous Hacienda Cucha-Cucha,,en,un vieux jésuite,,en,et ferme modèle coloniale exceptionnelle dans la vallée d'Itata,,en,km au sud,,en,se dirigeait vers Purén à la tête d'une équipe de,,en,signifie pierre brisée à Mapudungun,,en,dirigé par le toqui,,en,préparé depuis longtemps par le toqui,,en,c'était juste après la bataille de,,en.

Some years later the places planted will be managed under the Hacienda Cucha-Cucha, one out of many old Jesuit “temporalités” and outstanding colonial model farm in the Itata Valley, is the most illustrious one in the valley and it is located in the area of Confluencia (Espagnol pour la confluence des fleuves Ñuble et Itata,,en,entre les conquistadors espagnols sous le commandement de Gómez de Alvarado et Contreras commandant en second de l'expédition de Diego de Almagro au Chili et de soldats mapuches de la région,,en,Gómez de Alvarado et Contreras était le plus jeune frère de Pedro de Alvarado,,es,conquérant du Guatemala,,en,qui se retirent de la conquête du Pérou vendant six des huit navires de son Armada à Diego de Almagro à Quito,,en,une des premières flotte construite sur la côte pacifique de l'Amérique,,en), Commune of Portezuelo, on the banks of the Itata River.

South of Hacienda Cucha-Cucha, 150 km south, 60 years later, in December 21, 1598, Governor Martín García Oñez de Loyola was riding towards Purén leading a squad of 50 men. The following day they camped in Curalaba (means split stone in Mapudungun) with confidence and without taking protective measures. The Mapuche people aware of their presence, led by the toqui Pelantaru and his lieutenants, Anganamón et Guaiquimilla, with their three hundred men cavalry, shadowed his movements attacking the Spanish squad in an unexpected night raid. Completely surprised, the governor and most of his companions were killed. This event was called by the Spaniards, the Disaster of Curalaba. It involved not only the death of the Spanish governor, but the news rapidly spread among the Mapuche and triggered a general revolt, long-prepared by the toqui Paillamachu, that destroyed Spanish camps and towns south of the Bío-Bío River over the next few years establishing the Bío-Bío river as the so called La Frontera (the border) between the Spanish colony and Arauco, the so called Mapuche people territory.

Although the Jesuit order was first established in Santiago (1593), it was just after the Battle of Curalaba, specifically 14 years later, in May 1612, that the priests of the Company of Jesus, under the command of Father Luis de Valdivia, arrived in Concepción and from there they were distributed in the estates of Itata. The Hacienda Cucha-Cucha appears to be ceded to the order by Juan Ventura de Lerma y Castilla, a Spaniard who came to Chile and married in Penco avec Jacinta de la Barra, a widow principal lady, who previously owned the Hacienda already planted with vines and producing wines. When she died, she hands over to him in heritage the Hacienda Cucha-Cucha. Puis Juan Ventura de Lerma y Castilla, having no heirs, donated Hacienda Cucha-Cucha, à 1627, to the Jesuit College of Concepción. Luis de Valdivia, who arrived at Concepción à 1612, was a promoter of the defensive war against the Araucanians (Spanish name for the Mapuche indigenous people), he resided in the Hacienda Cucha-Cucha when the hacienda was hand over to the Jesuits. Luis de Valdivia (1560–1642) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary who defended the rights of the natives of Chile and pleaded for the reduction of the hostilities with the Mapuches in the Arauco War. After the Battle of Curalaba à 1598 followed by the revolt of the Mapuche and the destruction of seven Spanish cities of the colony, Luis de Valdivia, successfully advocated the establishment of a border between the Mapuche territory and the territory under Spanish rule and the replacement of military campaigns by missionary work that, from their point of view, would attempt the religious conquest of the rebellious Mapuche. His project, called Defensive warfare, aroused the initial support of the Spanish monarchy, but over the years it was considered a failure and left Luis de Valdivia in disrepute.

La Compagnie de Jésus immédiatement après leur arrivée dans le pays,,en,à l'aube du XVIIe siècle,,en,acheté et reçu de grandes et riches propriétés en donation,,en,Cela a permis une production à grande échelle,,en,Les surplus des propriétés étaient concentrés dans les entrepôts de Valparaíso,,en,Santiago et Talcahuano,,en,De là, ils ont été exportés vers le suif argentin et péruvien,,en,beaux cuirs de chèvre,,en,vins et spiritueux,,en,Ensuite, la bonanza a permis de faire venir des spécialistes de divers arts et techniques d'Europe,,en, at dawn of the XVII century, bought and received large and rich estates in donation. This allowed large-scale production. The surpluses of the estates were concentrated in warehouses of Valparaíso, Santiago and Talcahuano. From there they were exported to Argentina and Peru tallow, fine leathers of goat, wheat, wines and spirits. Then the bonanza allowed to bring specialists in various techniques and arts from Europe. Ils ont créé des entreprises à Santiago et à Concepción,,en,ateliers d'horlogerie,,en,un four de fusion,,en,ateliers de tissage à La Calera,,en,Chillán et Chíloé,,en,Aussi des ateliers de menuiserie,,en,orfèvrerie et sculpture polychrome,,en,La chaux a été extraite à l'Hacienda de La Calera pour réduire le coût de ses nombreuses constructions,,en,ils ont établi le centre industriel de leurs opérations,,en,la Compagnie de Jésus au milieu du 18ème siècle avait,,en,établissements au Chili et plus de,,en,les personnes travaillant dans ses entreprises dont,,en; watchmaking workshops, a smelting furnace, weaving workshops in La Calera, Chillán and Chíloé. Also workshops of joinery, goldsmithing and polychrome sculpture. Lime was extracted at the Hacienda de La Calera to reduce the costs of its many constructions. Là, they established the industrial centre of their operations, the Company of Jesus by the middle of the 18th century had 25 establishments in Chile and more than 3,000 people working in its companies of which 1,380 étaient des esclaves noirs et un nombre indéterminé d'administrateurs,,en,ouvriers,,en,serviteurs,,en,commerçants,,en,Les muletiers,,en,cordonniers,,en,qu'ils ont imposé dans tout le pays pour diversifier la production,,en,travaux,,en,En ce sens, les jésuites ont eu une grande importance dans le développement économique de la région grâce aux travaux sur leurs propriétés et à la création de la structure économique qui les rendaient très riches.,,en, laborers, servants, shopkeepers, Mule drivers, shoemakers, winemakers, etc.

Les jésuites acquis, soit par l'achat ou de la succession, grandes propriétés dans la région près de Concepción, qui a fourni une infrastructure de moulins, vignes et animaux. Indubitablement, the small population in the valley north of Itata was a determining factor in agricultural productivity. Cependant, from the production of the Jesuits in the Itata valley, it allowed the follow-up of the “model of economic exploitation” that they imposed all over the country to diversify production, with new methods of tillage, use of machinery, agro industries, works, looms, etc, almost an autarkic model of production more modern than the medieval one. In this sense the Jesuits had great importance in the economic development of the region through work on their properties and in the creation of the economic structure what made them very wealthy. They owned several haciendas among them La Magdalena, Tierras del Torreón, Perales, Guanquehua, Conuco et Cucha-Cucha. En 1767 King Charles III ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and its colonies. Six years later the Spanish monarch got Pope Clement XIV to suppress the order of the Jesuits.

Par 1770, Hacienda Cucha-Cucha, in the banks of the Itata River, had 2,400 blocks of land, some buildings, a vineyard and wineries. This hacienda maintained a raft service in the Itata River to transport its products, consisted especially of wines and brandy that were taken to Concepción. After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1776, it was first appraised at $ 4,020, then at $ 8,000 and then at $ 6,789. On January 21, 1768, it was leased to José Bustos in the amount of $ 700, and on May 15, 1776, it was auctioned off from the crown by Juan Alejandro Urrejola y Peñaloza, the founder of this family in Concepción, supporters of the King of Spain, in the amount of $ 9,900 payable within eight years with 5% annual interest. From the point of view of winemaking, the historian Sánchez Andaur points out that in this 2,000-square-mile hacienda, located in the Itata Party, 28,070 ordinary vine plants have been inventoried, et 2,000 ordinary vine plants have been stocked for one year. A block a little longer and 25 à 30 yards wide, “which were valued at 4,383 pesos.” In the cellar, 42 ½ rods long, with corridors covered with tile, were registered “31 jars full of wine, containing 844 arrobas of wine and 2 pitchers, 3 jars of brandy, which make 42 arrobas and a pitcher. Several empty jars, 5 chillers or pylons, funnels, wooden stirrers to dress the wine “. Estimates in liters, would be 29,962 of wine and 1,491 of eau de vie.

During the struggles for the independence of Chile from the crown of Spain, the Hacienda Cucha-Cucha was the scene of combats and guerrillas. The Combat of Cucha Cucha occurred on February 23, 1814. The confrontation occurred when forces of the Royal Army of Spain in Chile attacked the rear of the troops of the rebel army of Chile and the Battalion of Auxiliary Argentines of the United Provinces of Río de la Plata under the command of Juan Mackenna, finally the contingent defender of the crown fled during the night.

Le soulèvement et les hostilités dans la région du fleuve Bio-Bio mis sur le développement des domaines plus au nord, dans le Oies et Mataquito zones. Un des plus grands domaines connus au 17ème siècle était celui de,,en,Diego de León,,es,Diego de Rosales,,es,un historien de l’ère coloniale décrit les environs de la ville de,,en,Maipú,,es,comme un vaste jardin produisant du blé,,en,Dès le début de la conquête,,en,Conquérant du Chili et plus tard,,en,a souligné dans des lettres au roi d'Espagne les conditions exceptionnelles pour la production de raisins et la vinification. L’un des besoins fondamentaux de la liturgie de l’Église catholique,,en Diego de León. De l'autre côté, Diego de Rosales, a historian of the Colonial era describes the area surrounding the city of Maipú as a vast garden producing wheat, maïs, haricots rouges, pois et les lentilles, ainsi que d'une multitude d'arbres et de vignes interminables d'où proviennent excellents vins. From the onset of the Conquest Pedro de Valdivia, Conqueror of Chile and later Francisco de Aguirre emphasised in letters to the King of Spain the exceptional conditions for the production of grapes and wine making. One of the basic needs of the Catholic Church’s liturgy, la consécration du vin, il était essentiel de planter des vignes, initialement géré par les couvents et abbayes. Les moines et les laïques tard planté des vignes, et l'industrie du vin a atteint une telle importance que la Couronne espagnole a estimé que la production de vin dans ses colonies était préjudiciable au commerce du cognac et du vin de la péninsule espagnole. Il n'est pas surprenant de découvrir que le Chili était le principal exportateur de vins vers le reste des colonies espagnoles au début du 17ème siècle. Le roi Philippe II dicté normes, qui interdisait la plantation de vignes dans le Royaume du Chili, normes qui ont été réitérés dans les documents de la vice-royauté dans 1620, 1628 et 1631. Le document royal du 1er Juin 1654, en plus de réitérer l'interdiction de planter de nouvelles vignes, ordonné aux propriétaires de payer un impôt à la Couronne, de manière à être autorisés à maintenir celles existantes. Malgré les interdictions, Chiliens indigènes ont continué avec enthousiasme pour planter des vignobles, jusqu'à ce que finalement le gouverneur du Chili a déclaré dans une lettre à la reine d'Espagne, la date du 10 Août 1678, l'impossibilité de continuer à appliquer l'interdiction.

Par 1594, 100 thousand arrobas a year, équivalent à 1.6 million liters of wine, were produced in the Kingdom of Chile. Throughout the colonial period, the price of wine remained between 19 et 22 reales per arroba – équivalent à 16.13 litres -, and there were only sporadic increases, as a result of the bad harvests or the advance of the Arauco war that affected production in the south of the territory. Even though wine production was primarily destined for domestic consumption, part of it was exported to neighboring countries. The emergence of growing wine industries in México, Perú, Chile and Argentina was a threat to the Spanish Crown income, with Philip III and succeeding monarchs issuing decrees and declarations ordering the uprooting of New World vineyards and halting the production of wine by the colonies. Au Chili, these orders were largely ignored; but in Argentina, they served to stunt growth and development until independence was gained from Spanish rule.

En 1794, King Carlos IV, to protect the Spanish wine trade, issued a royal order prohibiting the export of Chilean wines to Nueva España (México) and Nueva Granada (Colombia and Venezuela). Pendant ce temps, one of the descendants of Francisco de Aguirre, à 1700, had sold to Miguel Pinto de Escobar et Blanco,,es,le domaine de la vallée d'Elqui appelé “,,en,’Monte Grande Ranch,,es,Miguel Pinto de Escobar et Blanco,,es,un visionnaire parmi les viticulteurs,,en,Luis Cousiño hérite d'une propriété de,,en,hectares d'une des premières terres plantées de vignes à l'époque coloniale par Juan Jufré de Loaysa,,en,les terres de Macul,,en,Luis Cousiño et sa femme Isidora Goyenechea héritent également du rêve de démarrer une production viticole familiale,,en,Ils ont décidé de renouveler les vignes qui y étaient cultivées depuis des temps immémoriaux,,en the estate of the Elqui Valley called “’Estancia de Monte Grande” which currently encompasses the rivers “Claro” and “Cochihuas”. Il était à la confluence de ces deux rivières, in the current village of “Monte Grande" (birthplace of Chilean Nobel Prize poetess Gabriela Mistral) que, à l'époque, Miguel Pinto de Escobar et Blanco,,es,le domaine de la vallée d'Elqui appelé “,,en,’Monte Grande Ranch,,es,Miguel Pinto de Escobar et Blanco,,es,un visionnaire parmi les viticulteurs,,en,Luis Cousiño hérite d'une propriété de,,en,hectares d'une des premières terres plantées de vignes à l'époque coloniale par Juan Jufré de Loaysa,,en,les terres de Macul,,en,Luis Cousiño et sa femme Isidora Goyenechea héritent également du rêve de démarrer une production viticole familiale,,en,Ils ont décidé de renouveler les vignes qui y étaient cultivées depuis des temps immémoriaux,,en planted the first vineyards inside the valley, pour faire du vin et de brandy. Quand il est décédé, à plus 100 ans, Miguel Pinto de Escobar et Blanco,,es,le domaine de la vallée d'Elqui appelé “,,en,’Monte Grande Ranch,,es,Miguel Pinto de Escobar et Blanco,,es,un visionnaire parmi les viticulteurs,,en,Luis Cousiño hérite d'une propriété de,,en,hectares d'une des premières terres plantées de vignes à l'époque coloniale par Juan Jufré de Loaysa,,en,les terres de Macul,,en,Luis Cousiño et sa femme Isidora Goyenechea héritent également du rêve de démarrer une production viticole familiale,,en,Ils ont décidé de renouveler les vignes qui y étaient cultivées depuis des temps immémoriaux,,en through his will (Notaires archives du volume "La Serena" 146 page 142) disposé de "25 jarres de vin, 25 ceux qui sont vides et un plein de brandy". C'est peut-être le tout premier document sur l'industrie naissante de la distillation du vin nouveau dans la vallée, et probablement au Chili. Then the Kingdom of Chile, est ainsi devenu le premier et le plus grand producteur et exportateur de vins de la période, puisque que dans 1655, Jan Van Riebeeck, de l'Est Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes planté les premières vignes en Afrique du Sud, to produce his first wines in 1659. Brother Junípero Serra planted the first vineyards of ‘Mission’ vine stock, dans la région nord de la Californie, à 1779 et fait du vin dans 1782. Le premier succès dans la plantation de vignes, dans l'Empire britannique, C'était celle du capitaine Arthur Phillips, qui disposait de stocks vigne de Rio de Janeiro et Cap plantés dans Farm Cove, à proximité de la colonie pénitentiaire de Port Jackson (Le port de Sydney) à 1788, tandis que la première récolte en Australie a eu lieu quelques années plus tard.

Visionnaires et des stocks de vigne français

En 1851, 300 years after Rodrigo de Araya and Francisco de Aguirre’s first grape harvests, Silvestre Ochagavía Echazarreta, a visionary among winegrowers, a personnellement de la France un choix de ceps fines dont; Cabernet, Costa (Malbec), Merlot, Pinot, Riesling, Sauvignon et Sémillon, élargissant ainsi la diversité des ceps. Silvestre Ochagavía est l'un des premiers d'une longue série de vignerons, dont beaucoup avaient fait fortune dans l'industrie minière, qui ont suivi son exemple et a adopté la tendance de planter des ceps apportés de France, la création d'un vaste réseau de canaux d'irrigation et l'amélioration de la productivité. En 1863, Luis Cousiño inherits a property of 1.000 hectares of one of the first lands planted with vineyards in colonial times by Juan Jufré de Loaysa, à 1548, the lands of Macul. Luis Cousiño with his wife Isidora Goyenechea also inherit the dream of starting a family wine production. They decided to renew the vines that were grown there from time immemorial, apportant des vignes de france,,en,immédiatement avant la grève de,,en,Phylloxéra,,en,brûlure en Europe,,en,Le cabernet sauvignon et le merlot ont été importés de Pauillac,,en,Sauvignon Vert et Sauvignon Gris de Martillac et Riesling d'Alsace,,en,ce dernier a été sélectionné personnellement par Isidora Goyenechea. Quelques agriculteurs,,en,Ce pays ainsi que les îles Canaries et Chypre peuvent,,en,montrer des traits pré-phylloxéra dans la production de ses plantes,,en,à pied franc,,fr,La destruction des vignes due à,,en,Phylloxéra,,en,en 1700, avait vendu à,,en, immediately before the strike of Phylloxera blight in Europe. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot were brought from Pauillac, Sauvignon Vert and Sauvignon Gris from Martillac and Riesling from Alsace, the latter personally selected by Isidora Goyenechea. Certains agriculteurs, tels que Manuel Antonio Tocornal, planté ces nouvelles vignes dans leurs domaines.

Parmi ceux-ci on retrouve José Tomás Urmeneta (Urmeneta Vineyard), Maximiliano et Rafael Errázuriz (Immobilier Panquehue), F.J. Ceinture (Lontué Vineyard), Francisco et Ramón Subercaseaux (Subercaseaux Vineyard), Luis Cousiño (Cousiño Macul Vineyard), Macario Ossa (Santa Teresa Vineyard), Bonifacio Correa (San Pedro Vineyard), Domingo Fernández Concha (Santa Rita Vineyard), Melchor Concha y Toro (Concha y Toro Vineyard), Cristian Lanz (Carmen Vineyard), José Joaquín Aguirre (Conchalí Vineyard), Ismael Tocornal (Vignoble de San José), Luis Pereira (Santa Carolina Vineyard), Francisco Undurraga (Marvel Raga Vineyard), Alejandro Dussaillant (Casablanca Vineyard) et divers autres.

Le principal avantage de la tendance ci-dessus, sur et au-dessus étant bonnes affaires, est que les personnes impliquées étaient à la recherche du prestige associé à la qualité. Ainsi, la plupart de ces nouveaux vignerons ont donné leur propre nom, ou le nom de leur femme, à leurs meilleurs vins, et beaucoup d'entre eux sont encore en cours de production à ce jour. Ce changement a également été rendue possible par l'emploi de plusieurs œnologues européennes, qui sensiblement amélioré les techniques de production des années antérieures à l'expansion de l'épidémie de phylloxéra. Ce fléau provenaient des États-Unis et, depuis 1863 (l'année peut varier d'un pays à) ravagé les vignobles du monde entier, à l'exception de ceux au Chili. This country along with the Canary Islands and Cyprus can, donc, show pre-phylloxera traits in the production of its plants, qui remontent à leurs origines premières. Ce qui précède a conduit certains experts à-dire que le vrai goût et l'arôme d'origine des vins français (leurs ceps originaux venus d'Arménie, Imérétie et la Géorgie, à travers le Liban et la Grèce, et l'expansion de l'Empire romain) peut être apprécié au Chili. En France viticulteurs doivent greffer souches résistantes de phylloxéra sur les ceps de vigne de la variété qu'ils souhaitent obtenir (qui pourrait modifier le goût des vins). Ce n'est pas nécessaire au Chili, où le cep souhaitée est planté directement dans le sol, à pied franc.

The destruction of the vineyards due to Phylloxera (Dactylosphaera vitifoliae) in France resulted also in the emigration of a large number of French oenologists to Chile. Ainsi,, Ochagavía employait le français Technicien Paul Joseph Bertrand, qui a introduit des améliorations technologiques, qui étaient à l'époque révolutionnaire et diffusé des ceps français tout au long de la région de Santiago. En 1860 Joseph Bachelet est venu au Chili de Bourgogne, avec de nombreuses plantes apportées de Chassagne, pour la Subercaseaux Vineyard et dans 1875 la production du vin de pays a été de plus de 50 millions de litres. La même année, René Le Feuvre a été utilisé pour organiser les études de niveau supérieur agricoles dans le pays. Le Feuvre a fait remarquer au gouvernement du Chili l'avantage de développer l'industrie du vin de plus en plus de pays, étant donné les excellentes conditions d'une grande partie de son territoire à cette fin. Les circonstances particulières provoquées par le phylloxéra dans le reste du monde ont viticulteurs chiliens de la responsabilité de protéger les beaux ceps avant le phylloxéra, qui sont un patrimoine de l'humanité.

Afin d'augmenter le commerce du vin, suivant la tendance introduite par des œnologues français, et également de faciliter le transport et le stockage, vins fins ont commencé à être mis en bouteille à partir de 1870. Cela a permis de renouveler la tradition des exportations de vin du 17e siècle. Macario Ossa, à 1877, en ligne avec la tradition exporte beaucoup importante de vins récoltés de son Santa Teresa Vignoble de Bordeaux, France, pour lequel il reçoit 25 cents d'or par cent litres de vin. Guillermo Brown fait également un produit d'exportation important de vins en France à la même époque. Les effets négatifs de la phylloxéra fléau dévastateur sur l'offre de vins français deviennent perceptibles, et la demande de l'Europe a augmenté, que la qualité des vins chiliens est devenu plus connu et apprécié. Cette reconnaissance matérialisée dans diverses expositions de vin dans laquelle vins chiliens ont obtenu des prix: à Bordeaux en 1882, à Liverpool en 1885, et à l'Exposition universelle de Paris en 1889, où les échantillons obtenus chiliens Grand Prix du Jury. Vers l'an 1900, avec 40,000 hectares en production, Administration techniques français géraient la plupart des grands vignobles. Parmi ceux-ci, en plus de ceux déjà mentionnés, étaient Marin Percheux au Subercaseaux Vineyard suivant la tradition initiée par Joseph Bachelet dans 1860, Alfred Gabarroche au Urmeneta Vineyard, Pierre Durand à la Cousiño Macul Vineyard, Paul Pacotet à Casablanca Vineyard, le maintien de leur présence dans le pays depuis le 19e siècle.

La dernière révolution viticole

Dans la seconde moitié du 20e siècle, un autre grand changement a eu lieu dans le secteur de la viticulture chilienne, centred around the insertion in the national industry of the Spanish oenologist and winegrower Miguel Torres Riera, whose father Miguel Torres Carbó purchased a vineyard in Curicó in 1979, initiant ainsi une nouvelle ère pour les vins chiliens. Comme c'est le cas pour tous les changements, il ya des faits antérieurs et diverses causes de cette, mais le principal est que, depuis la décennie des années 1980 un processus d'innovation technologique a commencé dans les vignobles du pays, qui a commencé à remplacer les cuves en bois et ciment existants par ceux en acier inoxydable, et l'utilisation de l'équipement de réfrigération, grinding machines and advanced technology presses. Miguel Torres winery was one of the first in replacing, pour le vin rouge, les anciennes cuves de capacité modérée (fudres) en usage alors pour le vieillissement des vins rouges, par de nouvelles petites cuves (225 à 300 litres). L'importance de l'insertion de Miguel Torres dans l'industrie locale réside dans le fait non seulement déclenché un processus de changements technologiques dans la gestion des vignes, and of winemaking, but also brought to the attention of the international winegrowers the merits of Chile as a wine producing country. At the end of the decade of the 80s, as coincidence, there was an increment of Australian wine export prices, then the main and almost unique exporter of quality wines from the southern hemisphere to the United Kingdom, at the time the largest wine world’s import market. It is important to remember that South Africa, another potential exporter to the Commonwealth countries, was under United Nations sanctions due to their reluctant to terminate with the apartheid regime, a system of institutionalised racial segregation. Apartheid (an Afrikaans word meaning segregation) was based on baasskap (Afrikaans pour la suprématie blanche,,en,soutenus dans une culture politique et sociale autoritaire,,en,qui a encouragé la répression par l'État noir africain,,en,Coloré,,en,sud-africains d’Asie au profit de la population blanche minoritaire de la nation,,en,les membres de l'ONU ont interdit à l'Afrique du Sud de commercer avec les pays de l'ONU,,en,le cinquième producteur mondial de vin,,en,mais en raison de la hausse des prix intérieurs par rapport aux prix à l'exportation, les prix possibles n'ont pas été saisis,,en) sustained in an authoritarian political and social culture, which encouraged state repression of Black African, Coloured, and Asian South Africans for the benefit of the nation’s minority white population. Alors, the UN members prohibited South Africa to trade with to the UN countries, amongst them, the United Kingdom. Another wine exports candidate was Argentina, the world fifth largest producer of wine, but because of having higher domestic prices compared with the export possible prices did not took the opportunity. Le Chili était au début du passage des procédés vinicoles obsolètes aux nouvelles technologies,,en,hors de propos en termes de production de vin,,en,obsolète en technologie et de qualité inconnue,,en,La demande de vin forte et stable des importateurs britanniques a consolidé la transformation rapide des entreprises vinicoles chiliennes en une vinification ultramoderne,,en,certaines des anciennes entreprises s'adaptent avec succès et de nouvelles entreprises ont été fondées,,en,La trilogie de l'évolution vers une technologie de pointe,,en, cependant, irrelevant in terms of wine production, out of date in technology and of its quality unknown, therefore without offer good enough. Uruguay and New Zealand were too small to be players on the game. This situation triggered the presence of British wine importers in Chile with long term offers to several wine companies in exchange of a migration to reliable quality wines offer.

The strong and stable wine demand from the United Kingdom importers consolidated the Chilean wine companies change to the state-of-the-art winemaking rapidly, some of the old companies adapt themselves with success and new companies were founded. The trilogy of changing towards state-of-the-art technology, avec une demande forte et stable et des conditions agroclimatiques naturelles extraordinaires,,en,qui permettent de produire à faible coût,,en,l’industrie vinicole chilienne d’une position invisible pour devenir le cinquième pays exportateur de vin en importance,,en,Peu d'entreprises ont profité de l'évolution de l'environnement international à la fin des années 80,,en,la hausse importante et unilatérale des prix du vin australien à la fin des années 80,,en,Les visites des importateurs britanniques de vin aux entreprises vinicoles chiliennes,,en, which allow to produce at low cost, boosted the Chilean wine industry from an invisible position in the wine world’s stage in 1980 to become the world fifth largest wine exporter country in 2010.

Few companies took advantage of the international changing environment at the end of the 80s, the significant and unilateral rising of Australian wine prices at the end of the 80s. The visits of the British wine importers to Chilean wine companies, Offrir des offres à long terme si les entreprises chiliennes étaient disposées à se tourner vers la production d'excellence viticole était un incitatif efficace,,en,Il est juste de dire que l’augmentation du prix du vin australien dans les années 80 a contribué à réveiller l’industrie vitivinicole chilienne née au XVIe siècle et endormie à la fin du XIXe siècle.,,en,La plupart des rares,,en,les entreprises de l'industrie alors,,en,a pris le défi,,en,une seule entreprise dans leur zone de confort avec le marché intérieur refuse de le prendre,,en. It is fair to say that one factor which help to awake the Chilean wine industry born in the XVI century and asleep from the end of the XIX century was the rise of the Australian wine prices in the 80s. Most of the few (9) companies in the industry then, took the challenge, only one company in their area of comfort with the domestic market refuse to take it, puis trois des principaux dirigeants de l'entreprise démissionnent et créent une nouvelle entreprise,,en,Concha y Toro est une des entreprises qui a pris le défi au sérieux,,en,une ancienne société cotée en bourse de,,en,dédié au marché domestique avec peu d'exportations,,en,Après avoir commencé avec le Royaume-Uni, ils ont conclu un accord,,en,avec Banfi Vintners, un distributeur bien établi aux États-Unis,,en,le deuxième plus grand marché du vin à l'époque,,en,distribuer leurs vins,,en,après cela, ils ont fait avec eux une joint-venture dans,,en (Montes). One of the companies which took the challenge seriously was Concha y Toro, an old company listed in the Stock Exchange from 1933, dedicated to the domestic market with few exports. After start with the UK they made an agreement, à 1988, with Banfi Vintners a well stablished distributor in the United States, the largest wine market at the time, to distribute their wines, after that they made with them a joint venture in 2011 création Excelsior Wine Company et enfin dans,,en,Concha y Toro a acheté la part des Banfi Vinters pour développer son système de distribution mondial,,en,En fonction de l'année considérée,,en 2018, Concha y Toro bought the share of Banfi Vinters in order to develop the advance to their own global distribution system. Concha y Toro, depending on the year considered, represents around one third of Chilean wine exports throughout several companies in addition to the company listed in the stock exchange under which are Concha y Toro, Cono Sur, Quinta de Maipo, Trivento (Argentine) and Fetzer (USA). Par 2018 there was around 400 wine companies of all sort and size, including a bunch of survivors’ companies from the XIX century like Cousiño Macul. Most of the main and largest Chilean wine companies belongs to large economic groups, donc, no more than five groups control more than half Chilean wine exports.

International experts in the wine industry recognise Chile’s natural advantages and its tradition, which has led them to recommend investing in Chile to prestigious entrepreneurs of the winegrowing industry and world-wide tradition, tels que Miguel Torres (Torres). Robert Mondavi (Caliterra), Kendall Jackson (Calina Vineyard), and William Cole, Beringer Blass Wine Estates, the Kingston family vineyards and Edward Tutunjian (Apaltagua) all from the United States. Par 2018 there were more than 50 direct foreign investments in the wine industry 22 out of them from French origin, among them Eric von Rothschild (Les Basques), Michel Paoletti (Domaine Oriental, Casa Donoso), Paul Pontalier from Château Margaux, Bruno Prats from Château Saint-Estèphe and Ghislain de Montgolfier from Champagne Bollinger joint in the Maipo Valley company Aquitania, Dominique Massenez (Château Los Boldos) who later hand over this winery to the Sogrape portuguese group of the Guedes family, and creating Massenez Fine Wine, a new family company. On the other hand Alexandra Marnier Lapostolle, from the family owner of Grand Marnier, along with her husband Cyril de Bournet and the advice and help of Michel Rolland created Casa Lapostolle in the Colchagua Valley. Baron Philippe de Rothschild, Jacques and François Lurton, William Fèvre, Louis-Michel Liger-Belair of Domaine du Comte Liger-Belair (Château Vosne-Romaneé in France and Aristos in Chile), Count Patrick d’Aulan and Didier Debono (Altamana) Joseph Louis Martin-Bouquillard (Clos Andino), Raynaud Lacaze (Biowines) et Michel Laroche (Michel Laroche & Jorge Coderch Vineyard and Punto Alto winery) ainsi que Patrick Valette (Le principal), Denis Duveau (Duveau), Raphaël Michel Group (Casa Tipaume), all them also from France. The Odfjell family (Odfjell Vineyards) and Alexander Vik (VIK Winery and Hotel) both from Norway. Mauro von Siebenthal from Switzerland. Vincor International Inc. (Caballero de Chile) and Magnotta Winery from Canada. Italian companies are not absent of this conquest of the lands of Chile therefore, the Marchesi Antinori family bought Haras de Pirque in the traditional Pirque area, Count Francesco Marone Cinzano founded Reserva de Caliboro in the Cauquenes area, and the Zonin family established Dos Almas and Italian winemaker Maurizio Castelli made a joint venture in the Maule Valley. De l'autre côté, the Yantai Changyu Pioneer Wine company as well as the Agribusiness holding COFCO both from China bought several wineries during 2016 et 2017. Some of the original owners have change but just a few of them. These companies and people among many others, ont choisi les vallées du Chili ou ont conclu un partenariat avec des entrepreneurs chiliens d'établir de nouveaux vignobles, si en raison des difficultés croissantes rencontrées par l'industrie viticole dans l'hémisphère Nord, ou en tant que partie de la stratégie d'expansion.

Nous pouvons dire en terminant que le Chili, un paradis pour la production de ceps sains, conquis par la couronne espagnole au 16ème siècle, a été redécouverte, almost five centuries later, par les producteurs les plus traditionnels de vins fins européennes, devenant ainsi une terre promise pour les grands vins. Ces nouveaux vignerons ont influencé un changement majeur, aussi radicale que c'était rapide, par l'intégration croissante des technologies de pointe dans l'industrie du vin de croissance. Un tel changement a été orienté entre autres objectifs, à l'intégration de la science et de la science appliquée (les différentes technologies) spécialement dans le plus puissant, mais pas suffisamment connue, phénomène de la lumière, qui, comme nous l'avons indiqué possède des caractéristiques au Chili qui font de ce pays se distinguent parmi les autres raisins de cuve zones de production.